<p>Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh is a nonprofit organization that operates four museums in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The organization is headquartered in the Carnegie Institute and Library complex in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The Carnegie Institute complex, which includes the original museum, recital hall, and library, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Portfolio</h2><br>
<p>Two of the Carnegie museums, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Carnegie Museum of Art, are both located in the Carnegie Institute and Library complex in Oakland, a landmark building listed on the National Register of Historic Places (ref #79002158, added 1979). It also houses the Carnegie Music Hall and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie donated the library and the buildings. With the goal of inspiring people to do good for themselves and their communities, the terms for donations required communities to support them in exchange for the building and initial investment by Carnegie. The words "free to the people" inscribed above the entrance of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh illustrate his vision. The other two museums, The Andy Warhol Museum and the Kamin Science Center, are located in separate facilities on Pittsburgh&#39;s North Shore.</p><br>
<h2>Andy Warhol Museum</h2><br>
<p>Warhols primary artistic technique was silkscreen pop art, which he gained notoriety for in the early 1960s. The serial images derived from the cultures consumerism and conception of beauty are reified in a form of art which represent the identity of constituents in postwar American society. Images used by Warhol, which have made him famous for his contributions to pop art, include celebrities and consumables such as Marilyn Monroe and.</p><br>
<p>The museums collection includes over 4,000 Warhol art works in all media—paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculptures, and installation; the entire Andy Warhol Video Collection, 228 four-minute Screen Tests, and 45 other films by Warhol; and extensive archives, including Warhols Time Capsules. While dedicated to Andy Warhol, the museum also hosts many exhibits by contemporary artists.</p><br>
<h2>Carnegie Museum of Art</h2><br>
<p>When Andrew Carnegie envisioned a museum collection consisting of the "Old Masters of tomorrow," the Carnegie Museum of Art arguably became the first museum of modern art in the United States. The museum was founded as the Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute in 1895. The name was changed to its current name in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Today the museum continues showcasing contemporary art by staging the Carnegie International exhibition every three to five years. Numerous works from the International exhibitions have been acquired for the museums permanent collection including Winslow Homers The Wreck (1896) and James A. McNeill Whistler&#39;s Arrangement in Black: Portrait of Señor Pablo de Sarasate (1884).</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Sculpture, constructed in white marble, replicates the interior of the Parthenon. The Hall of Architecture contains the largest collection of plaster casts of architectural masterpieces in America and one of the three largest in the world. Opened in 1974, the Sarah Scaife Galleries Annex was designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes and Associates. The Sarah Scaife Foundation gift nearly doubled the exhibition square footage. The modernist addition was designed to not compete with the existing building. Trustee James L. Winokur says of architect Edward Larrabee Barnes, "He kept the old building out front. He was not terribly concerned about getting credit, just concerned about doing the job right, and he did do it right."</p><br>
<p>The Heinz Architectural Center, opened as part of the museum in 1993, is dedicated to the collection, study, and exhibition of architectural drawings, prints and models. Most of these are from the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 the museum acquired the archive of African-American photographer Charles "Teenie" Harris, consisting of approximately 80,000 photographic negatives spanning from the 1930s to the 1970s. Many of these images have been cataloged and digitized.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s permanent collection includes European and American decorative arts from the late seventeenth century to the present, works on paper, paintings, prints (most notably Japanese prints), sculptures and installations.</p><br>
<h2>Carnegie Museum of Natural History</h2><br>
<p>Opened alongside the Carnegie Museum of Art in 1895, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History is currently home to over twenty million objects and artifacts. Carnegie oversaw the collecting from 1895 to 1907 and it reflected his ideas of evolutionary development.</p><br>
<p>Most notably, it houses a collection of 230 dinosaur fossils—including the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex known to date—as well as exhibits such as Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems, Alcoa Foundation Hall of American Indians, and Walton Hall of Ancient Egypt. The museums Powdermill Nature Reserve was established in 1956 to serve as a field station for long-term studies of natural populations, and now forms the core of the museums Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystems. Research teams that included Carnegie scientists have made discoveries such as Puijila darwini and Hadrocodium wui.</p><br>
<h2>Kamin Science Center</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 1991, but with a history that dates to October 24, 1939, the Kamin Science Center is the most visited museum in Pittsburgh. The Kamin Science Center houses the Buhl Planetarium & Observatory, the Rangos Giant Cinema Theater, and a number of temporary and permanent exhibits, including Highmark SportsWorks, the Miniature Railroad & Village, and the Robot Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>On February 21, 1990, Pennsylvania Senator John Heinz introduced Senate Bill S. 2151, which allowed the USS Requin, a World War II submarine, to be transferred as an exhibit for the science center. The purpose of the exhibit is for visitors to learn how people lived and worked on the boat.</p><br>
<p>The Buhl Planetarium and larger Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh merged in 1987, leading to an October 1989 groundbreaking on the newly-named Carnegie Science Center building. A large donation by the Kamin family led to the science center&#39;s renaming in 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Old State House, also known as the Old Provincial State House, is a historic building in Boston, Massachusetts, built in 1713. It was the seat of the Massachusetts General Court until 1798. It is located at the intersection of Washington and State Streets and is one of the oldest public buildings in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the landmarks on Boston&#39;s Freedom Trail and is the oldest surviving public building in Boston. It now serves as a history museum that was operated by the Bostonian Society through 2019. On January 1, 2020, the Bostonian Society merged with the Old South Association in Boston to form Revolutionary Spaces. The Old State House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Massachusetts Town House: seat of colony government 1713–1776</h3><br>
<p>The previous building was the wooden Town House of 1657 which burned in the fire of 1711. Today&#39;s brick Old State House was built in 1712–1713, and possibly designed by Robert Twelves. Some historians credit Thomas Dawes with being the architect, but he was of a later generation. His contributions probably came in about 1772, after a four-year period of the General Assembly having to meet in Cambridge due to British use of the building as a military barracks, which resulted in considerable damage. A notable feature is the pair of seven-foot tall wooden figures depicting a lion and unicorn, symbols of the British monarchy. A Royal Coat of Arms was removed from Council Chambers during the Revolution by Loyalists fleeing Boston; it has been at Trinity Anglican Church in Saint John, New Brunswick since 1791. The coat of arms is now in the nave having survived the fire at Trinity in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The building housed a Merchant&#39;s Exchange on the first floor and warehouses in the basement. The east side of the second floor contained the Council Chamber of the Royal Governor, while the west end contained chambers for the Courts of Suffolk County and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The central portion contained the chambers for the Massachusetts General Court. This chamber is notable for including public galleries, the first example of such being included in a chamber for elected officials.</p><br>
<p>The interior was rebuilt in 1748, after a fire in 1747; the exterior brick walls survived the fire. NIST researchers have also researched the effects of the Cape Ann earthquake of 1755 on the building&#39;s foundation and walls, given the age of the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1755, Spencer Phips, Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, signed a Proclamation at the Old State House calling on all settlers to hunt and murder Penobscot men and women in exchange for pay and land. The Proclamation was one of more than 100 government-issued scalp bounties issued in the United States between 1675 and 1885. In 2021, Penobscot Nation leaders and their children visited the Old State House to read the proclamation out loud.</p><br>
<p>In 1761, James Otis argued against the Writs of Assistance in the Royal Council Chamber. He lost the case, but he influenced public opinion in a way that contributed to the American Revolution. John Adams later wrote of that speech, "Then and there... the child independence was born."</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1770, the Boston Massacre occurred near the front of the building on Devonshire Street. Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson stood on the building&#39;s balcony to speak to the people, ordering the crowd to return to their homes.</p><br>
<h3>The Massachusetts State House: seat of state government 1776–1798</h3><br>
<p>On July 18, 1776, Colonel Thomas Crafts read the Declaration of Independence from the east side balcony to jubilant crowds. At one o&#39;clock, he rose in the Council Chamber and read it to the members. Sheriff William Greenleaf attempted to read it from the balcony, but he could only muster a whisper. Crafts then stood next to the sheriff and read it from the balcony in a stentorian tone. For most people, it was a festive occasion, as about two-thirds of Boston residents supported independence. The lion and the unicorn on top of the building were removed and burned in a bonfire on King Street.</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolution, the building served as the seat of the Massachusetts state government until 1798, when it moved to the Massachusetts State House.</p><br>
<h3>Boston hall</h3><br>
<p>From 1830 to 1841, the building was Bostons city hall. The citys offices had been in the County Court House. In 1830, Isaiah Rogers altered the building&#39;s interior in a Greek Revival style, most notably adding the spiral staircase that remains today. The building was damaged by fire in 1832.</p><br>
<p>City Hall shared the building with the Boston Post Office and several private businesses. On October 21, 1835, Mayor Theodore Lyman, Jr. gave temporary refuge to William Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the abolitionist paper The Liberator, who was being chased by a violent mob. Garrison was kept safe in the Old State House until being driven to the Leverett Street Jail, where he was protected overnight but charged with inciting a riot. In 1841, City Hall moved to the former Suffolk County Courthouse on School Street.</p><br>
<h3>Period of commercial use 1841–1881</h3><br>
<p>After Boston&#39;s city hall left, the whole building was rented out for commercial use. This had been the case once before, in the interim between the State House period and the City Hall period. Occupants included tailors, clothing merchants, insurance agents, railroad line offices, and more. As many as fifty businesses used the building at once.</p><br>
<h3>The Bostonian Society and the museum 1881–2019</h3><br>
<p>The Bostonian Society was formed in 1881 to preserve and steward the Old State House, in response to plans for the possible demolition of the building due to real estate potential. In 1881–1882, restorations were conducted by George A. Clough. In 1882, replicas of the lion and unicorn statues were placed atop the East side of the building, after the originals that had been burned in 1776. On the West side, the building sports a statue of an eagle in recognition of the Old State House&#39;s connection to American history.</p><br>
<p>Since 1904, the State Street MBTA station has occupied part of the building&#39;s basement. The East Boston Tunnel opened in 1904, now called the Blue Line, and the Washington Street Tunnel opened in 1908, now part of the Orange Line. The Boston Marine Museum occupied rooms borrowed from the Bostonian Society from 1909 to 1947.</p><br>
<p>Queen Elizabeth II toured the Old State House with her husband on July 11, 1976 as part of her Boston visit to celebrate the bicentenary of the United States of America. She appeared on the historic balcony and delivered an address to a large audience.</p><br>
<h2>The museum today</h2><br>
<p>Today, tall buildings of Bostons financial district surround the Old State House. However, they do not entirely block the view of the building, and it can be seen clearly from a good distance away on the harborfront. The Old State House sits atop the State Street station on the MBTAs Blue and Orange subway lines, and the station can be entered from the basement. The building is available for private events. The museum is open year-round, seven days a week except for some holidays.</p><br>
<p>The next stop on Freedom Trail is the site of the Boston Massacre, located on a busy street in front of the museum and commemorated by a cobblestone ring on the plaza in front of the Old State House. The museum offers an array of programming and exhibitions, some tied to the Boston Massacre.</p><br>
<h3>Recent preservation and restoration and future plans</h3><br>
<p>The Old State House frequently has preservation and restoration projects as a part of the ongoing effort to keep the building in good condition. In 2006, the museum underwent a restoration to repair water-damaged masonry. The damage had long been a problem, but it was aggravated in fall 2005 by Hurricane Wilma. The project was the subject of an episode of The History Channel&#39;s Save Our History.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the museums tower was given a major restoration. During the project, the buildings 1713 weathervane was re-gilded, which may have been made by Shem Drowne. The windows were repaired and resealed, the balustrades were repaired, and the copper roofing and rotten wood siding were replaced. This was done to prevent structural damage and to protect the museum&#39;s collections and the 1831 clock by Simon Willard below.</p><br>
<h2>Replicas</h2><br>
<p>Brockton Fairgrounds, Brockton, MA</p><br>
<p>Curry College, Milton, MA; Traditional residence, North Side</p><br>
<p>Eastern States Exposition ("The Big E"), West Springfield, MA; Avenue of States section</p><br>
<p>Jamestown, Virginia Expo. of 1907, State buildings section</p><br>
<p>Weymouth Civic District, Weymouth, MA town hall</p><br>
<p>Phoebus  is a formerly incorporated town now part of the present-day city of Hampton, Virginia, on the Virginia Peninsula. In 1900, it was named in honor of local businessman Harrison Phoebus , who is credited with convincing the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway  to extend its tracks to the town from Newport News.</p><br>
<p>The town was consolidated by a slim margin during a 1952 public referendum with the independent city of Hampton. Phoebus is now an important historic neighborhood of Hampton and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain John Smith landed on a part of Phoebus known as Strawberry Banks on his first voyage up the James River in 1607. The area which became the Town of Phoebus was founded in 1609 as Mill Creek; it was located on the banks of the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, directly across from Norfolk&#39;s Willoughby Spit.</p><br>
<p>Mill Creek was located in Elizabeth Cittie, one of four corporations, termed "citties", which were designated in 1619 by the Virginia Company of London, proprietor of the colony, to encompass the developed areas. (The other three were James Cittie, Charles Cittie, and Henrico Cittie). In 1634, the area became part of Elizabeth City Shire, one of the eight original shires of Virginia. It became Elizabeth City County in 1643.</p><br>
<p>English colonists soon built defensive fortifications at Old Point Comfort to protect the entrance to Hampton Roads. In 1819 the United States Army began construction there of Fort Monroe, which until 2011 was the oldest active-duty fort in the nation.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, numerous slaves escaped to Fort Monroe and Norfolk, which was occupied by Union forces from 1861. The US Army defined them as contraband, to prevent their being returned to slaveholders. They established facilities for the newly free slaves at the Fort Monroe Contraband Camp, located outside the fort. Officials contacted a respected local teacher, Mary S. Peake, and asked her to teach the freedmen and their children. She began by gathering people outside in Phoebus, under a large oak tree. This is where the Emancipation Proclamation was read to numerous citizens in 1863, and it became called the Emancipation Oak. The American Missionary Association (AMA), whose leaders included both black and white ministers, hired her to teach and arranged for her to use the Brown Cottage. This is considered the historic start of Hampton University, a historically black college (HBCU) which the AMA founded during the war.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Town of Phoebus was cultivated as Roseland Farm until 1871. It was then divided into lots for sale and developed as Chesapeake City. The streets were named after prominent citizens: Mallory, Curry, Hope, Lancer, and Mellen.</p><br>
<p>When the town was incorporated in 1900, its name was changed to Phoebus in honor of its leading citizen, Harrison Phoebus, who is largely credited with getting the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) to build the Hampton Branch. After the railroads Peninsula Extension reached the new coal pier at Newport News in late 1881, the same construction crews were put to work on what would later be called the Peninsula Subdivisions Hampton Branch. From the main line at Old Point Junction, tracks were extended easterly a distance of about 10 mi toward Fort Monroe. The tracks were completed about 9 mi to the town, which became Phoebus in December 1882. A passenger and freight station was opened, which the railroad designated as "Phoebus".</p><br>
<p>From Phoebus, an extension across Mill Creek to reach Fort Monroe required a 2,800 ft trestle, not completed until 1890. At that time, passenger and freight facilities were also added. At Fort Monroe, the USA Army built connecting tracks and operated its own locomotive for a number of years. The station at Fort Monroe closed in 1939. Accordingly, the Chesapeake & Ohio moved its Zero Mile Post north from Old Point Comfort to Phoebus, meaning that the town became the origin point for the C&O&#39;s trains such as the Sportsman bound for Cincinnati and Detroit, the George Washington, as well as other trains due west.</p><br>
<p>At Old Point Comfort, in addition to the Army base at Fort Monroe, the Hampton Branch served both the older Hygeia Hotel and the new Hotel Chamberlin, popular destinations for civilians. During the first half of the 20th century, excursion trains were operated to reach nearby Buckroe Beach, where an amusement park was among the attractions that brought church groups and vacationers.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 by voter referendum, the residents of Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus agreed to consolidation with the independent city of Hampton, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Between 1953 and 1954, the C&O stopped using Phoebus as the terminus of its Norfolk/Hampton Roads area passenger trains. The company shifted that terminus, by then being for the George Washington and the Sportsman to Newport News station.</p><br>
<h3>Recent decades</h3><br>
<p>Phoebus has an area listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The Phoebus National Historic District is a 86 acre section of Phoebus which encompasses the historic business area on Mellen and Mallory Streets and a significant number of homes.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Ralph Wolfe Cowan (1931–2018), artist</p><br>
<p>John William "Uncle Jack" Dey (1912–1978), noted and celebrated folk painter</p><br>
<p>Christopher C. Kraft Jr. (1924–2019), the original Flight Director for NASA, was born and raised in Phoebus.</p><br>
<p>Mary S. Peake (1823–1862), first teacher of freedmen and their children in Phoebus</p><br>
<p>William T. Randall, (1915–2013), Negro league baseball player</p><br>
<p>George R. E. Shell, (1908–1996), Ninth superintendent of Virginia Military Institute, Brigadier general in the United States Marine Corps</p><br>
<p>The Omni Mount Washington Resort is a historic luxury resort hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, near Mount Washington. It was designed by Charles Alling Gifford. In 1944, it hosted the Bretton Woods Conference, which established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The area, part of the town of Carroll, New Hampshire, includes the Bretton Woods ski resort nearby. It is located at the northern end of Crawford Notch, 6 mi east of the village of Twin Mountain along USA Route 302.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Washington Hotel was constructed between 1900 and 1902 at a cost of $1.7 million (approximately $ million today) by Joseph Stickney, a native of Concord, New Hampshire who had made a fortune before the age of 30 as a coal broker in Pennsylvania. In 1881 Stickney and his partner, John N. Conyngham, had purchased the nearby Mount Pleasant Hotel (a large early hotel demolished in 1939) from lumberman John T.G. Leavitt. Subsequently, Stickney began work on his Mount Washington Hotel. He had envisioned the hotel to be a luxurious getaway for urban dwellers looking to escape the city.</p><br>
<p>Stickney brought in 250 Italian artisans to build it, particularly the granite and stucco masonry. Construction started in 1900 on the Y-shaped hotel, which opened on July 28, 1902. At its completion, the hotel boasted over 2,000 doors, 12,000 windows, and over eleven miles of plumbing.</p><br>
<p>At the opening ceremony, Stickney told the audience, "Look at me, gentlemen... for I am the poor fool who built all this!" Within a year he was dead at the age of 64 due to a heart attack.</p><br>
<p>His wife, Carolyn Stickney, spent her summers at the hotel for the next decade, adding the Sun Dining Room with guest rooms above, the fourth floor between the towers, and the chapel honoring her late husband. Under its capable first manager, John Anderson, the hotel was a success. But the advent of income tax, Prohibition, and the Great Depression curtailed the hospitality business. In 1936, Mrs. Stickneys nephew, Foster Reynolds, inherited the hotel, but it closed in 1942 because of World War II. In 1944, a Boston syndicate bought the extensive property for about $450,000. The Bretton Woods monetary conference took place that year, establishing the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The owners were paid $300,000 for the loss of business and promised a daily room charge of $18 per person for the 19-day conference. Subsequently, each bedroom carried a plaque outside its door identifying which countrys representative at that conference had stayed in that room.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Washington Hotel and Resort is one of the last surviving grand hotels in the White Mountains and includes an 18-hole Donald Ross-designed golf course, as well as the hotel&#39;s original 9-hole course designed by A.H. Findlay.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, the hotel was sold to MWH Preservation Limited Partnership for $3.1 million.</p><br>
<p>The hotel opened for its first winter season in 1999. Until then, the hotel was seasonal, and would close to guests late in the fall and open in the spring. The entire hotel was overhauled before the winter, with efficient windows installed in the entire hotel.</p><br>
<p>In June 2006, the Bretton Woods Mountain Resort, consisting of 991 acres, including the Mount Washington Hotel, the Bretton Arms Country Inn, The Lodge at Bretton Woods, and the Bretton Woods Ski Area, was sold to the CNL Financial Group, of Orlando, Florida for $45 million. Soon after, they spent an additional $40 million on the adjacent golf course and development rights.</p><br>
<p>In January 2009 the Mount Washington Resort completed a 50,000 ft&sup2; addition that includes a 25,000 ft&sup2; spa and a 25,000 ft&sup2; conference center. Omni Hotels & Resorts assumed management of both the Mount Washington Hotel and the Bretton Arms Inn in September of that year and the hotel became the Omni Mount Washington Resort.</p><br>
<p>In November 2010, it was revealed that CNL had sought to trademark the Mount Washington name, which upset area business owners. CNL said they were just directing their efforts against other hotels in the area that have the mountain&#39;s name and not other businesses that also have it.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the Bretton Woods Mountain Resort, including both hotels, was purchased by Omni Hotels & Resorts. from CNL.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>There is a popular urban legend that the Mount Washington Hotel served as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in Stephen Kings novel The Shining (1977) and the subsequent film adaptation. King is a native of nearby Maine and has set several of his novels in New Hampshire. Regardless, King and the Mount Washington Hotel themselves have discredited this legend, with King stating the hotel was based on The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. Regardless, the legend persists, even being included in the Condé Nast Travelers video "50 People Tell Us The Best Movies & TV Shows Set in Their States".</p><br>
<p>The Mount Washington Hotel, Bretton Woods, NH.jpgThe hotel c. 1910</p><br>
<p>Hemicycle, The Mount Washington Hotel.jpgThe Hemicycle c. 1910</p><br>
<p>Assembly Hall from Ballroom, The Mount Washington Hotel.jpgAssembly Hall, looking from the Ballroom c. 1910</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington Hotel Presidential Wing View.jpgMount Washington Hotel Presidential Wing view, 2014</p><br>
<p>The Gold Room - Bretton Woods Mount Washington Hotel.jpgThe Gold Room where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established during the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference</p><br>
<h2>Omni Bretton Arms Inn</h2><br>
<p>The Omni Bretton Arms Inn is a hotel in the larger resort which was built as a house in 1896. The Bretton Arms served as staff housing for many years.</p><br>
<p>It has been separately named to the Historic Hotels of America program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Jackson&#39;s Mill is a former grist mill in Lewis County, West Virginia, near the city of Weston. The mill, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, is now the centerpiece of a state-owned museum property. It is significant as a well-preserved early grist mill, and as the boyhood home of Stonewall Jackson, a prominent Confederate general in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The center of the Jackson farm was located on the peninsula formed by the confluence of Freeman&#39;s Creek and the West Fork River. Edward Jackson (1759&ndash;1828) built a home on a prominent knoll 100 yards from the West Fork; the two-story frontier-style log structure was 40 feet by 20. On the other (east) side of the river, he built a sawmill and grist mill in 1809. An original millstone and feed hopper can be seen on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The surviving mill structure is a three-story wood frame structure, with a wooden shingle roof and weatherboard siding. The interior of the mill retains a significant amount of original woodwork and equipment, including large cog wheels. Some elements have been replaced, including the flooring, which has been replaced by oak similar to the original.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Edwards death, his son, Cummins Jackson, operated Jacksons Mill. A brother Jonathan Jackson (1790&ndash;1826), had been working as an attorney in Clarksburg, where he had a family. After his death in 1826 from typhoid fever, his widow Julia Neale Jackson (1789&ndash;1831) struggled to support their two young children. In 1830, she arranged for the Jackson children, 6-year-old Thomas Jonathan and his younger sister Laura Ann, to live with their paternal uncle Cummins Jackson. Julia died the following year, leaving her children orphaned and dependent on their uncle.</p><br>
<p>Young Thomas helped around his uncle&#39;s farm, tending sheep with a sheep dog, driving teams of oxen, and helping to harvest wheat and corn. His uncle also held a few slaves. Formal education was not easily obtained, but Thomas attended school when and where he could. After learning to read, he became largely self-taught. He would often sit up at night reading by the flickering light of burning pine knots. He would become renowned as a Confederate general, Stonewall Jackson, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The story is told that Thomas Jackson once made a deal with one of his uncles slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons. Virginia law prohibited teaching slaves to read or write, but young Jackson taught the man as promised. In his later years at Jacksons Mill, Jackson served as a schoolteacher.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, young Thomas Jackson received an appointment to the USA Military Academy at West Point, New York. After graduation, he served as an instructor at Virginia Military Institute. During the American Civil War, he advanced in the Confederate Army to the rank of general, and died in 1863 in the Battle of Chancellorsville. He had been fatally wounded in a "friendly fire" incident.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the owners of the property at Jacksons Mill deeded it to the State of West Virginia. In modern times, the preserved grist mill of Cummins Jackson is the centerpiece of a historical site and museum at the Jacksons Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp. The facility, located in Weston, West Virginia, serves as a special campus for West Virginia University (WVU) and the WVU Extension Service.</p><br>
<p>The Second White House of the Confederacy is a historic house located in the Court End neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. Built in 1818, it served as the main executive residence of the sole President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, from August 1861 until April 1865. It currently sits on the campus of Virginia Commonwealth University.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Davis Executive Mansion was owned by the Confederate Memorial Literary Society from 1894 until 2014, when the Museum of the Confederacy merged with the American Civil War Center. The merged entity is now the American Civil War Museum. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The second White House of the Confederacy is a gray stuccoed neoclassical mansion built in 1818 by John Brockenbrough, who was president of the Bank of Virginia. Designed by Robert Mills, Brockenbroughs second private residence in Richmond was built on K Street (later renamed Clay Street) in Richmonds affluent Shockoe Hill neighborhood (later known as the Court End District), and was two blocks north of the Virginia State Capitol. Among his neighbors were USA Chief Justice John Marshall, Aaron Burr&#39;s defense attorney John Wickham, and future USA Senator Benjamin Watkins Leigh.</p><br>
<p>Sold by the Brockenbrough family in 1844, the house passed through a succession of wealthy families throughout the antebellum period, including USA Congressman and future Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon. Just prior to the American Civil War, Lewis Dabney Crenshaw purchased the house and added a third floor. He sold the home to the City of Richmond.</p><br>
<h3>Davis family</h3><br>
<p>In May 1861, the capital of the Confederate States of America was moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, and President Jefferson Davis and his family vacated the First White House of the Confederacy in Montgomery and moved to the house in Richmond, which was leased by the Confederate government from the city.</p><br>
<p>The Davis family was quite young during their stay at the house. When they moved in, the family consisted of the president and first lady, six-year-old Margaret, four-year-old Jefferson Davis, Jr., and two-year-old Joseph. The two youngest Davis children, William and Varina Anne ("Winnie"), were born in the house, in 1861 and 1864, respectively. Among their neighborhood playmates was George Smith Patton, whose father commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry, and whose son commanded the USA Third Army in World War Two. Joseph Davis died in the spring of 1864, after a 15-foot fall from the railing on the houses east portico. Mrs. Davis mother and sister were occasional visitors to the Confederate executive mansion.</p><br>
<p>Davis suffered recurring bouts of malaria, facial neuralgia, cataracts (in his left eye), unhealed wounds from the Mexican War, including bone spurs in his heel, and insomnia. As a result, Davis maintained an at-home office on the second floor of the house, where his personal secretary Colonel Burton Harrison also resided. (This was not an unusual practice at the time, and the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D.C., was similarly added during the Theodore Roosevelt administration.)</p><br>
<p>The house was abandoned during the evacuation of Richmond on April 2, 1865 and within twelve hours had been seized intact by soldiers from Major General Godfrey Weitzels XVIII Corps. President Abraham Lincoln, who was in nearby City Point (now Hopewell, Virginia), traveled up the James River to tour the captured city, and visited Davis former residence for about three hours – although the President only toured the first floor, feeling it would be improper to visit the more private second floor of another man&#39;s home. Admiral David Dixon Porter accompanied Lincoln during the visit. They held a number of meetings with local officials in the house, including Confederate Brigadier General Joseph Reid Anderson, who owned the Tredegar Iron Works.</p><br>
<h3>After the war</h3><br>
<p>During Reconstruction, the house served as the headquarters for Military District Number One (Virginia), and was occasionally used as the residence of the commanding officer of the Department of Virginia. Among those who served there were Major Generals Edward O.C. Ord, Alfred Terry, Henry Halleck, and Edward R.S. Canby.</p><br>
<p>When Reconstruction ended in Virginia, (October 1870), the city of Richmond retook possession of the house, and subsequently used it as Richmond Central School, one of the first public schools in postwar Richmond.</p><br>
<h3>Confederate museum, 1896–1976</h3><br>
<p>When the city announced its plans to demolish the building to make way for a more modern school building in 1890, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society was formed with the sole purpose of saving the house from destruction.</p><br>
<p>The CMLS raised funds to start a museum and acquired the deed to the property from the city of Richmond. Opened to the public in 1896, the house became the home of the Confederate Museum (later renamed the Museum of the Confederacy) for eight decades. As an interpretation of the house museum&#39;s relevance, the name "White House of the Confederacy" began common use. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1960, was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1966, and was added to the Virginia Landmark Register in 1969. When the Museum of the Confederacy completed construction of a purpose-built museum building in 1976, the collections and exhibits were moved to the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration, 1976–1988</h3><br>
<p>From 1976 to 1988, the museum led a full-scale restoration of the mansion, which ultimately returned the exterior and the first and second floor interiors to their wartime appearance. Critically acclaimed for the extensive attention to detail during restoration, for its full complement of period furnishings, and for its fair quantity of relevant pieces from its original furnishings, the historic house reopened for public tours in June 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Tourist destination, 1988–present</h3><br>
<p>The house remains open for public tours as part of the visitor experience at the American Civil War Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Fraterville Mine disaster was a coal mine explosion that occurred on May 19, 1902 near the community of Fraterville in the USA state of Tennessee. Official records state that 216 miners died as a result of the explosion, from either its initial blast or from the after-effects, making it the worst mining disaster in the United States&#39; history, and remains the worst disaster in the history of Tennessee. However, locals claim that the true number of deaths is greater than this because many miners were unregistered and multiple bodies were not identified. The cause of the explosion  was likely ignition of methane gas which had built up after leaking from an adjacent unventilated mine.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the disaster, the bodies of 89 of the 216 miners killed in the explosion were buried in what became known as the Fraterville Miners&#39; Circle at Leach Cemetery in the nearby town of Coal Creek (modern Rocky Top). In 2005, this circle was placed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Fraterville Mine was one of several mines located in the coal-rich Cumberland Mountains of western Anderson County, Tennessee. The mine and its namesake community were situated near the heart of the Coal Creek Valley, a narrow north-south oriented valley slicing between Walden Ridge to the east and Vowell Mountain to the west. Tennessee State Route 116 connects Fraterville with Briceville to the south and Rocky Top to the north. This stretch of Route 116 has been renamed "Fraterville Miners Memorial Highway" in honor of the victims of the mine explosion.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Mine</h2><br>
<p>The Coal Creek Coal Company, organized by Knoxville businessman E.C. Camp, began work at the Fraterville Mine in 1870. Coal Creek Coal developed a reputation for fair contracts and fair pay, and the companys Fraterville Mine was considered one of the safest in the region. The company never took part in the states controversial convict leasing system and paid in cash (rather than scrip), and thus avoided much of the labor unrest that plagued neighboring mines during the Coal Creek War in the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>E.C. Camp wanted to create a peaceful community of miners that maintained a brotherhood amongst itself. Thus, he decided to use the word "frater" in the name of the mine, as this word of Latin origin means "brother." The Fraterville Mine was one of the first in the world to adopt this concept and it drew in many miners. Additionally, Camp allowed his miners to use their wages on anything that they wanted, unlike other mine owners that forced miners to live in their rental housing or severely limited their lives through unfair scrip payments.</p><br>
<h2>Explosion and recovery efforts</h2><br>
<p>According to the Tennessee Commissioner of Labor, the Fraterville Mine explosion occurred around 7:20 on the morning of May 19, 1902. The explosion shot black smoke and debris out the mines mouth and ventilation shaft. In fact, signs of the explosion were first seen by a group of men working at a nearby mine called the Thistle Mine. These men reportedly saw black smoke rising from the Fraterville Mine and initially thought that it was coming from a ventilation furnace. But once the mines superintendent George Camp (E.C. Camp&#39;s son) arrived at the entrance of the mine, he discovered that the mine had collapsed and the smoke was certainly not just from a furnace. Immediately, many men who were not working at the time of the explosion began trying to rescue the trapped miners while organized rescue efforts were quickly being put together by George Camp and a Welsh mine operator from nearby Jellico named Philip Francis.</p><br>
<p>It soon became clear that the rescuers had to attempt to fix the mines ventilation and get clean air back into the mine. George Camp led a small "scout" team into the entrance of the mine to see how far down they could get and ran into blockage about 2,000 feet in. Following George Camps scouting of the situation attempt, he and his small team found thousands of people, many of which were wives and family members of the miners, desperately trying to break into the mine from multiple locations.</p><br>
<p>Safely performing rescue missions proved to be difficult because, prior to the explosion, coal surrounding support beams within the mine&#39;s shafts had been removed and the explosion caused many of these shafts to be extremely unstable. Thus, some of the shafts collapsed and rescuers had to dig through them and others were too dangerous to travel through. George Camp requested for Philip Francis to obtain a team of experienced miners to help with the rescue missions. At a later point in time, Francis stated that he remembered arriving to the mine and seeing a great deal of confusion as families of the miners began gathering outside the mine in panic and sadness and unorganized rescue operations were taking place. He remembered the need to both correct the errors within the ongoing rescue missions and dissolve the situation with the families. In fact, one miner who was not on shift at the time of the explosion had to be removed from the rescue missions by force because he had worked for nearly 36 hours straight attempting to remove bodies and potentially save people.</p><br>
<p>The initial rescue party penetrated to just 200 ft, however, before they were forced to turn back and await the dispersal of toxic gases. Once Philip Francis and his team arrives, they organized a second rescue party that entered the mine at 4:00 that afternoon, and using a makeshift venting system made of cloth and creosote, they inched their way into the main shaft, where they observed the destruction, later reported by the Commissioner:</p><br>
<p>Brattices had been destroyed, and along the main entry the force of the explosion was terrific, timbers and cogs placed to hold a squeeze were blown out, mine cars, wheels, and doors were shattered, and bodies were dismembered.</p><br>
<p>The creosote and cloth ventilation shafts worked by dissipating the toxic gases within the mine and allowed the rescuers to enter the mine on the same day of the explosion, unlike in other mine explosion cases where rescuers were not able to begin their missions for several days. The day after the explosion, the air was much more breathable and rescue efforts went into full swing. Once the rescuers made it past the explosion site, they found the rest of the mine to still be quite stable. It appeared like all of the miners further down the mine died due to suffocation and not due to complications from the blast or debris. In fact, the rescue team discovered that 26 miners had barricaded themselves in a side passage of the mine and effectively kept most of the toxic gases away from themselves. But, the longest any of these miners survived was seven hours and they too died from suffocation. Several miners wrote farewell messages to loved ones shortly before dying, stating they were struggling for air, and encouraging their families to "live right" so they would meet again in heaven. The last body was removed from the mine four days after the explosion.</p><br>
<h2>Letters to Loved Ones</h2><br>
<p>Some of the men within the group of 26 that barricaded themselves within a side passage of the mine wrote final letters to their families. Most of these messages were created on paper or pieces of slate, but a few were written directly on the mine&#39;s walls. A couple of these letters were not discovered for some time, as the miners had placed the papers inside their pockets and the messages were not found until their pockets were checked. Additionally, the contents of some of the letters have not become public information for privacy reasons or because they were lost.</p><br>
<p>One miner named Jacob Vowell wrote to his wife, "It is 25 minutes after two. There is a few of us alive yet. Oh God, for one more breath. Ellen remember me as long as you live. Good Bye Darling." Vowell&#39;s 14-year-old son Harvey was also trapped within the mine beside him. They requested to be buried together and Harvey asked for his brother Horace to take all of his shoes and clothing and wear them.</p><br>
<p>Another miner named Frank Sharp wrote to his wife on a piece of slate because he did not have any paper. He stated, "Dear Mabel, I am dying for air. I will soon be gone. Meet me in heaven. Help Jesus. Take care of the children and do the best you can. Meet me in heaven."</p><br>
<p>Powell Harmon wrote an extensive note to his family. One part of his message included, "I hope to meet you all in heaven. My boys, never work in the coal mines."</p><br>
<p>George Hutson wrote to his wife, "If I don&#39;t see you no more bury me in the clothing I have. I want you to meet me in heaven. Goodbye. Do as you wish."</p><br>
<p>James Brooks wrote a very brief note addressed to both his wife and child which read, "My dear wife and baby: I want you to go back home and take the baby, so good bye. I am going to heaven. I want you to meet me there."</p><br>
<p>John Hendren&#39;s letter was eventually written out word for word on his headstone. It read:</p><br>
<p>"Dear Darling Mother, Father, brothers and sisters...I have gone to heaven. I want all of you to meet me in heaven, and tell all of your friends to meet me there, and tell the church that I am gone to heaven.</p><br>
<p>Oh dear friends dont grieve over me for I am in sight of heaven. Oh dear Sarah stay at fathers or at your fathers and pay all I owe if possible. Bury me at Pleasant Hill if it suits you all, if not bury me where it suits you all. Bury me in black. This is about 1:30 oclock. So good bye dear loving father, mother, brothers, and friends. I have not suffered much yet. So good bye everybody.</p><br>
<p>Your boy, your brother, your friend.</p><br>
<p>John Hendren"</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>Recovery missions lasted for many days as a line of families and miners waited outside the entrance of the Fraterville Mine in order to identify each body that was extracted. After the first day, most people lost hope of their loved one being alive, but they still wanted to be able to identify bodies. Additionally, it was unknown exactly how many men were in the mine. So, recovery expeditions continued for a long time in an attempt to ensure all of the dead miners were found</p><br>
<p>The cause of the explosion was a matter of controversy. The report issued by the Tennessee Commissioner of Labor stated that the explosion occurred when volatile gases that "had accumulated because of inadequate ventilation" were ignited by an open light. While the report stated that the shutdown of the mine&#39;s ventilation system over the previous weekend had allowed the dangerous build-up of the gases, ventilation furnace operator Tip Hightower was acquitted of negligence at a subsequent inquest. The report also suggested that gases had leaked into the Fraterville Mine from an adjacent abandoned (and unventilated) mine once operated by the Knoxville Iron Company. Along with Hightower, superintendent George Camp was also charged with negligence, but was acquitted after several hours of tearful testimony.</p><br>
<p>The community of Fraterville was devastated by the mine explosion. The town lost all but three of its adult males. Hundreds of women were widowed, and roughly a thousand children were left fatherless. Some families lost as many as eight family members.</p><br>
<p>Eighty-nine of the deceased miners are buried in the Fraterville Miners&#39; Circle in Leach Cemetery (behind Clear Branch Baptist Church) just off USA 25W at Rocky Top. A monument at the center of the circle bears the names of all 184 miners who were identified. On May 19, 2005, the circle was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Other miners who lost their lives in the Fraterville disaster are buried in Longfield Cemetery on USA Route 441 just east of Rocky Top.</p><br>
<p>The Margaret Mitchell House is a historic house museum located in Atlanta, Georgia. The structure was the home of author Margaret Mitchell in the early 20th century. It is located in Midtown, at 979 Crescent Avenue. Constructed by Cornelius J. Sheehan as a single-family residence in a then-fashionable section of residential Peachtree Street, the building&#39;s original address was 806 Peachtree Street. The house was known as the Crescent Apartments when Mitchell and her husband lived in Apt. 1 on the ground floor from 1925 to 1932. While living there, Mitchell wrote the bulk of her Pulitzer Prize-winning 1936 novel, Gone with the Wind.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also designated as a historic building by the City of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>This house serves as the heart of Atlanta History Centers Midtown Campus and it houses permanent exhibitions that focus on various topics surrounding the buildings history.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as a single-family residence in 1899. Commercial development quickly overtook the neighborhood, however, and in 1907 the original family moved to Druid Hills. The house changed hands several times until the winter of 1913–14 when the house was moved onto a new basement story constructed on the rear of the lot. Given a Crescent Avenue address, the building was remodeled in 1919 and converted into a ten-unit apartment building, known as the Crescent Apartments, and "three brick stores" were built where the house had originally sat. Located in what was then Atlantas largest business district outside of downtown, close to trolley lines, and walking distance from her parents house, the Crescent Apartments was home to Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh when they married in July 1925. Unfortunately, the buildings owner became over-extended, and it was sold at auction in 1926. The next owner, too, was driven to bankruptcy when the stock market crashed in 1929. Maintenance declined, contributing to Mitchells characterization of their apartment as "the Dump." By the fall of 1931, there were only two occupied apartments in the building, one of which belonged to the Marshes, but they, too, moved to a larger apartment a few blocks away in the spring of 1932.</p><br>
<p>With a new owner, the Crescent Apartments were revived and continued to attract tenants until shortly after World War II. By then, the building was in poor condition, and in 1946 the porches were removed from the Crescent Avenue side of the building. (The original front porches were lost when the building was moved in 1913). By the 1950s, the building was mostly vacant and overdue for rehabilitation. There were a few commercial tenants, and the old apartments were popular with Georgia Tech students. In 1964, the opening nearby of Ansley Mall signaled the death knell for the old commercial district on Peachtree Street between 8th and 14th. But at the same time, the Crescent Apartments got a much-needed rehab and were reborn as the Windsor House Apartments.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the last tenants were evicted and the building boarded up by a new owner who intended a major redevelopment of the area. By the time he and his company went bankrupt in the late 1980s, their only accomplishment was construction of a new office building at 10th and West Peachtree and the razing of dozens of historic buildings in the area.</p><br>
<p>The old Crescent Apartments continued to deteriorate, especially after a fire set in the southwest corner of the building did minor damage in the late 1980s. In 1989, Mayor Andrew Young helped secure Margaret Mitchell Houses future by designating it a city landmark on the rolls of what is now the citys Office of Urban Design - Historic Preservation Division. When the decision was made to restore the property, the architectural history of the structure was taken into account, and the front of the house was restored as it was in 1899. The back of the building was restored as it was when Margaret Mitchell called it home.</p><br>
<p>However, another fire, presumed to be arson, destroyed much of the building in September 1994. Afterwards, Daimler-Benz Corporation, the German auto manufacturer, gave $4.5 million to restore the property and purchase its surrounding city block. With a Mercedes-Benz plant near Birmingham, Alabama, Daimler-Benz anticipated using the facility for hospitality events during the 1996 Summer Olympics.</p><br>
<p>In May 1996, only 40 days before the Centennial Games’ Opening Ceremonies, the house again was victim of an arson attempt. This fire occurred at a point where the restoration was almost complete, and all but Margaret Mitchell&#39;s apartment was damaged or destroyed.</p><br>
<p>After the 1996 fire, $2 million collected from insurance allowed the restoration to continue. The House was dedicated on May 16, 1997.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park covers about 35 acres  and includes several sites in Atlanta, Georgia related to the life and work of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. Within the park is his boyhood home, and Ebenezer Baptist Church — the church where King was baptized and both he and his father, Martin Luther King Sr., were pastors – as well as, the grave site of King, Jr., and his wife, civil rights activist Coretta Scott King.</p><br>
<p>The park is administered by the National Park Service and has a visitor center and museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These places, critical to the interpretation of the life of Martin Luther King Jr. and his legacy as a leader of the American civil rights movement, were originally included in the National Historic Site or National Historic Landmark listings first established on October 10, 1980. The site was expanded and designated as a national historical park through a bipartisan bill long championed by John Lewis and signed on January 8, 2018, by President Donald Trump.</p><br>
<p>In total, the buildings included in the site make up 35 acres (0.14 km). The visitor center contains a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement and the path of Martin Luther King Jr. The King Center for Nonviolent Social Change includes the burial place of King, and his wife, activist Coretta Scott King. An 1894 firehouse (Fire Station No. 6) served the Sweet Auburn community until 1991, and now contains a gift shop and an exhibit on desegregation in the Atlanta Fire Department. The "I Have a Dream" International World Peace Rose Garden, and a memorial tribute to Mohandas K. Gandhi are part of the site, as is the "International Civil Rights Walk of Fame" which commemorates some of the courageous pioneers who worked for social justice.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the National Park Foundation purchased the Life Home of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on Sunset Avenue, where the family moved in 1965, from the estate of Coretta Scott King and transferred it to the National Park Service for restoration before it is opened to the public as an expansion of the National Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Annual events celebrating Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January typically draw large crowds. Speakers have included presidents of the United States, national and local politicians, and civil rights leaders. Remembrances are also held during Black History Month (February), and on the anniversary of King&#39;s April 4, 1968, assassination in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District, an area bounded roughly by Irwin, Randolph, Edgewood, Jackson, and Auburn avenues, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1974. The district included Ebenezer Baptist Church, Kings grave site and memorial, Kings birthplace, shotgun row houses, Victorian houses, the Atlanta Baptist Preparatory Institute site, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, Fire Station No. 6, and the Triangle Building at the intersection of Old Wheat Street and Auburn Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Much of the area was designated as a national historic landmark district on May 5, 1977. The Trust for Public Land purchased 5 single-family homes along Auburn Avenue in the late 1970s, the same block Martin Luther King Jr. grew up on. The Trust for Public Land purchased more than a dozen properties over the next 20 years to create a parking lot as well as a pedestrian greenway to link the King district to the Jimmy Carter Presidential Center. In 2008, The Trust for Public Land acquired one of the remaining historic properties in the neighborhood, on the corner of Auburn Avenue.</p><br>
<p>By USA Congressional legislation, the site with associated buildings and gardens was authorized as a national historic site on October 10, 1980; it is administered by the National Park Service (NPS). A 22.4 acre area including 35 contributing properties was covered, including 22 previously included in the NRHP historic district. The area covered in the NRHP designation was enlarged on June 12, 2001. In 2018, it was redesignated as a national historical park, adding Prince Hall Masonic Temple to the protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Martin Luther King Jr.&#39;s Birth Home</h2><br>
<p>The King Birth Home is located at 501 Auburn Avenue in the Sweet Auburn Historic District. Built in 1895, it sits about a block east of Ebenezer Baptist Church. Kings maternal grandparents, the Rev. Adam Daniel (A. D.) Williams, who was pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, and his wife, Jennie Williams, bought the house for $3,500 in 1909. In 1926, when Kings father married Alberta Williams, the couple moved into the house, where King Jr. was born in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The King family lived in the house until 1941. It was then converted into a two-family dwelling. The Rev. A. D. Williams King, King Jr&#39;s brother, lived on the second floor in the 1950s and early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The first level includes the front porch, parlor, study, dining room, kitchen, laundry, bedroom and a bathroom. The second level includes four bedrooms and a bathroom. The visitor center offers free tours of the house led by National Park Service rangers, but with limited availability.</p><br>
<h2>The King Center</h2><br>
<p>In 1968, after King&#39;s death, Coretta Scott King founded the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change ( the King Center). Since 1981, the center has been housed in a building that is part of the King complex located on Auburn Avenue adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church. in 2016, close to the Ebenezer Baptist Church, at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, a memorial tomb was dedicated to King. His remains were moved to the tomb, on a plaza between the center and the church. King&#39;s gravesite and a reflecting pool are located next to Freedom Hall. After her death, Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7, 2006. An eternal flame is located nearby.</p><br>
<p>Freedom Hall at 449 Auburn Avenue features exhibits about Dr. and Mrs. King, Mahatma Gandhi and American activist Rosa Parks. It hosts special events and programs associated with civil rights and social justice. It contains a Grand Foyer, large theater/conference auditorium, bookstore and resource center, and various works of art from across the globe. The Grand Foyer features art from Africa and Georgia. The paneling lining the staircase is from the sapeli tree, which grows in Nigeria.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, Behold, a statue honoring Martin Luther King Jr., was dedicated near Ebenezer Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the King Center is a privately owned inholding within the authorized boundaries of the park. The King family has debated among themselves as to whether they should sell it to the National Park Service to ensure preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor center</h2><br>
<p>The visitor center at 450 Auburn Avenue was built in 1996 and features the multimedia exhibit Courage To Lead, which follows the parallel paths of King and the civil rights movement. Visitors can also walk down a stylized "Freedom Road". The Children of Courage exhibit, geared towards children, tells the story of the children of the civil rights movement with a challenge to our youth today. Video programs are presented on a continuing basis and there is a staffed information desk.</p><br>
<h2>Gandhi Promenade</h2><br>
<p>The statue of Mohandas Gandhi was donated by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, India, in collaboration with the National Federation of Indian American Associations and the Embassy of India to the United States. The inscribed bronze plaque reads:</p><br>
<h2>International Civil Rights Walk of Fame</h2><br>
<p>The International Civil Rights Walk of Fame was created in 2004 and honors some of the participants in the Civil Rights Movement. The walk along the Promenade, includes footsteps, marked in granite and bronze. According to the National Park Service, the Walk of Fame was created to "pay homage to the "brave warriors" of justice who sacrificed and struggled to make equality a reality for all." The new addition to the area is expected to enhance the historic value of the area, enrich cultural heritage, and augment tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>The Walk of Fame is the brainchild of Xernona Clayton, founder and executive producer of the renowned Trumpet Awards and a civil rights activist in her own right. Clayton said, "This is a lasting memorial to those whose contributions were testaments to the fact that human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable. This historic site will serve as a symbol of pride and a beacon of hope for all future generations. We are looking forward to building a monument to the civil struggle that depicts every step taken toward the goal of justice and the tireless exertions and passionate concern of these dedicated individuals."</p><br>
<h2>Prince Hall</h2><br>
<p>Located at 332 Auburn Avenue, the Prince Hall Masonic Temple is where the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) established its initial headquarters in 1957. This historic and distinguished civil rights organization was co-founded by King, who also served as its first president. Owned by the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Georgia, the building was included within the authorized boundary of the park in 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, previously known as Villa Vizcaya, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering, of the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune, on Biscayne Bay in the present-day Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida. The early 20th-century Vizcaya estate also includes extensive Italian Renaissance gardens, native woodland landscape, and a historic village outbuildings compound.</p><br>
<p>The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. F. Burrall Hoffman was the architect, Iwahiko Tsumanuma (also known as Thomas Rockrise) was the associate architect, Paul Chalfin was the design director, and Diego Suarez was the landscape architect.</p><br>
<p>Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. The location is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The estates name refers to the northern Spanish province Biscay, "Vizcaya", in the Basque region along the east Atlantics Bay of Biscay, as the estate is on the west Atlantics Biscayne Bay. Records indicate Deering wished the name also to commemorate an early Spaniard named Vizcaya who he thought explored the area, although later he was corrected that the explorers name was Sebastián Vizcaíno. Deering used the caravel, a type of ship style used during the Age of Exploration, as the symbol and emblem of Vizcaya. A representation of the mythical explorer "Bel Vizcaya" welcomes visitors at the entrance to the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate property originally consisted of 180 acre of shoreline mangrove wetlands and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. This portion was to include the villa, formal gardens, recreational amenities, expansive lagoon gardens with new islets, potager and grazing fields, and a village services compound. Deering began construction of Vizcaya in 1912, officially beginning occupancy on Christmas Day 1916, when he arrived aboard his yacht Nepenthe.</p><br>
<p>The villa was built primarily between 1914 and 1922, at a cost of $15 million, while the construction of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and village continued into 1923. Deering used Vizcaya as his winter residence from 1916 until his death in 1925. During World War I, building trades and supplies were difficult to acquire in Florida.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya is noteworthy for adapting historical European aesthetic traditions to South Florida&#39;s subtropical ecoregion. For example, it combined imported French and Italian garden layouts and elements implemented in Cuban limestone stonework with Floridian coral architectural trim and planted with sub-tropic compatible and native plants that thrived in the habitat and climate. Palms and philodendrons had not been represented in the emulated gardens of Tuscany or Île-de-France.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, interior decorator Elsie de Wolfe introduced Deering to Paul Chalfin, a former art curator, painter, and interior designer, who became the project&#39;s director. He assisted and encouraged Deering to collect art items, antiquities, and architectural elements for the project. Chalfin recommended the architect F. Burrall Hoffman to design the structure and facade of the villa, garden pavilions, and estate outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, during a visit to Villa La Pietra in Florence, Deering and Chalfin met Colombian landscape designer Diego Suarez. Suarez, the designer of the landscape master plan and individual gardens, trained with Sir Harold Acton at the gardens of Villa La Pietra. Suarez originally planned to model the garden after a 16th century Italian Villa Garden in Viterbo. However, he realized the plans were not conducive to the landscape and opted for an Italian renaissance style. Suarez collaborated with Chalfin for the decorative elements of the garden. To achieve the aged look Deering desired, they incorporated, mature trees, vines, draping plants, coral stone sculptures, and antiques. Suarez wanted to give the garden an exaggerated perspective and made the garden mound, an artificial hill, the focal point. Beyond the mound, he created several room like sections: the central space, Secret Garden, The Theater Garden, Maze Garden, and Fountain Garden. Each section is uniquely decorated and features carefully chosen greenery. The garden is filled with exotic plants like peach palms, giant elephant ears, Borneo giants, Regina&#39;s disco lounges, and Cuban Royal Palms. Unfortunately, Chalfin and Suarez had too many clashing ideas for the finishing touches of the gardens and Suarez left the project in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Vizcayas villa exterior and garden architecture is a composite of different Italian Renaissance villas and gardens, with French Renaissance parterre features, based on visits and research by Chalfin, Deering, and Hoffman. The villa facades primary influence is the Villa Rezzonico (it) designed by Baldassarre Longhena at Bassano del Grappa in the Veneto region of northern Italy. Vizcaya is sometimes referred to as the "Hearst Castle of the East".</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya Museum also features Gilded Age technology. There are old doorbells, a dumbwaiter, and a rotary-dial telephone. Vizcaya&#39;s telephone system was the first in Miami-Dade County.</p><br>
<p>Deering died in September 1925, on board the steamship SS City of Paris en route back to the United States. After his death Vizcaya was inherited by his two nieces, Marion Deering McCormick, wife of Chauncey McCormick, and Barbara Deering Danielson, wife of Richard Ely Danielson. Over the decades, after hurricanes and increasing maintenance costs, they began selling the estates surrounding land parcels and outer gardens. In 1945, they sold significant portions of the Vizcaya property to the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine, Florida, to build Miamis Mercy Hospital. 50 acre comprising the main house, the formal gardens, and the village were retained.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, Miami-Dade County acquired the villa and formal Italian gardens, which needed significant restoration, for $1 million. Deerings heirs donated the villas furnishings and antiquities to the County-Museum. Vizcaya began operation in 1953 as the Dade County Art Museum. The village and remaining property were acquired by the county during the mid-1950s. In 1994, the Vizcaya estate was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1998, in conjunction with Vizcayas reaccreditation process by the American Alliance of Museums, the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust was formed to be the museums governing body.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Miami Science Museum and Space Transit Planetarium was built on the area of Vizcaya across from the main building.</p><br>
<h2>1971 robbery</h2><br>
<p>On March 22, 1971, three individuals from New York City stole approximately $1.5 million in artworks and silver items from the Villa Vizcaya, some of which were of historical value. The trio of reputed jewel thieves was arrested on March 25, 1971. Sergeant Tom Connolly from the New York City Police Department raided the Manhattan apartment of Vojislav Stanimirović and his wife, Branka, and arrested them. The couples accomplice, Alexander Karalanović, was also arrested, and all three were charged with suspicion of stolen property and possession of a dangerous weapon. From the Stanimirovićs apartment, approximately $250,000 of the stolen goods was recovered. Sergeant Connolly stated that included in the theft was a virtually priceless silver bowl that once belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. According to Sergeant Connolly, the three perpetrators had been under surveillance for four months for unrelated jewel burglaries that they had carried out in the Manhattan Diamond District. NYPD Captain Thomas Kissane said that the vast majority of the precious items stolen from the Vizcaya were never recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Vizcaya Museum and Gardens</h2><br>
<p>"Miami-Dade in 2017 entered into a long-term operating and management agreement with Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust Inc., a local nonprofit. The county still provides funds for “upkeep, maintenance, renovations and operations … in the form of annual budget appropriations and grants.” — Miami-Dade Commissioner Joe Martinez —Miami Today"</p><br>
<p>The estate is now known officially as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which consists of 50 acre with the villa and the gardens, and the remaining native forest. The estate is a total of 50 acre, of which 10 acre contain the Italian Renaissance formal gardens, and 40 acre are circulation and the native hammock. This beautiful landscape is packed with unique decor and "tons" of history. The complimentary audio tour provides a great selection-paced tool to explore this marvelous mansion and its surroundings. There are "tons" of nooks and crannies to explore, making it a great place to spend hours discovering all its wonders.</p><br>
<p>The villa&#39;s museum contains more than seventy rooms of distinctive architectural interiors decorated with numerous antiques, with an emphasis on 15th through early 19th-century European decorative art and furnishings. Amongst the furnishings are ceramics, the originals of which were shipped from England in 1912 but sank along with the Titanic. Luckily, Deering had taken out insurance and had them replaced.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya was built with an open-air courtyard and extensive gardens on Biscayne Bay. As such, the estate has been subject to environmental and hurricane damage, the latter notably in 1926, 1992, and 2005. Miami-Dade County has granted money ($50 million) for the restoration and preservation of Vizcaya. These funds have been matched by grants from FEMA, Save Americas Treasures, and numerous other funders. Plans include restoration of the villa and gardens, and adaptation of the historic village compound for exhibition and educational facilities; however, additional funds are required for this. The completed first phase of the project included rebuilding of the museums cafe and shop (in historic recreation areas of the building adjacent to the pool), renovation of the North and South Gate Lodges that flank South Miami Avenue, and rebuilding of the David A. Klein Orchidarium in a plan that generally uses historic precedent. At the same time, Vizcaya has completed the first half of a major conservation program of its outdoor sculpture collections. With a consulting landscape architect, Vizcaya has also finished a comprehensive cultural landscape report, which will be a vital tool in the ongoing restoration of the formal gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926 devastated the greater Miami area including Vizcaya. The estates historic rose garden was destroyed after saltwater seeped in, decimating the roses and preventing growth thereafter. Vizcayas horticultural team partnered with the Tropical Rose Society of Miami to help bring some roses back to Vizcaya&#39;s gardens 100 years later. However, the historic rose garden, now known as the fountain garden, has not been returned to its former glory.</p><br>
<p>One of Vizcayas outdoor restoration project challenges included the estates swimming pool grotto, built in 1916. The pool is only one of two public places in the world to feature a surviving mural by Robert Winthrop Chanler, a prominent American artist. The ceiling mural was designed in 1916, depicting an underwater fantasy scene filled with creatures and marine life. Shells are embedded into the plaster mural of the scene.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 and 2005, the swimming grotto was submerged during hurricanes. The combination of floods and Miamis climate have led to preservation challenges and are a priority to the museum. The State of Florida and the Division of Emergency Managements Hurricane Loss Mitigation Program provided Vizcaya with a grant of $194,000 to help prevent future damage to the historic estate.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed Vizcaya as one of Americas Eleven Most Endangered Historic Places. As noted by the National Trusts website, Vizcayas inclusion on this list was based on the threat of proposed highrise development on neighboring property. Specifically, the National Trust stated: "Unless development is blocked or an intervention occurs, this cultural landscape will be permanently damaged by the construction of three high-rise condominium towers within Vizcayas historic viewshed." The proposed highrises were blocked by two court rulings and, in 2010, the City of Miami included viewshed protection for historic properties such as Vizcaya in its new zoning code, Miami 21.</p><br>
<p>Other types of events are hosted by the museum to collect funds for its preservation. For example, every Halloween, Vizcaya organizes a costume party, where people from all around Florida attend in costume.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya participates in Baynanza, Biscayne Bay Cleanup Day, an annual community event to clean up the most important ecological system in South Florida. During the event, Vizcaya encourages participants to capture Biscayne Bay&#39;s beauty with a photography contest. The event usually takes place on Earth Day.</p><br>
<h2>State occasions</h2><br>
<p>Vizcaya was the 1987 venue where President Ronald Reagan received Pope John Paul II on his first visit to Miami.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya was the 1994 location of the first Summit of the Americas, convened by President Bill Clinton. The thirty-four nations leaders that met at Vizcaya created the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), that all the hemispheres countries, except Cuba, could join for national and corporate trade benefits.</p><br>
<h2>Americans with Disabilities Act</h2><br>
<p>"Vizcaya was a very modern house. Many are surprised to learn that it was built largely of reinforced concrete, with the latest technology of the period, such as generators and a water filtration system. Vizcaya was also equipped with heating and ventilation, two elevators, a dumbwaiter, a central vacuum-cleaning system and a partly automated laundry room."— Vizcaya Museum & Gardens</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya was built with a residential elevator, but it is closed to the public. Vizcaya does not meet ADA standards.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Vizcaya has provided the setting for many films, both credited and uncredited. Deering himself enjoyed watching silent films in Vizcayas courtyard, and he had a particular interest in the works of Charlie Chaplin. External pictures of Vizcaya can be seen in the films Tony Rome, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, Any Given Sunday, Bad Boys II, Airport 77, Haunts of the Very Rich, The Money Pit, The Champ, This Thing is Ours, Dostana, Daring Game and Iron Man 3. The music video for The Cover Girls 1988 song "Promise Me" was filmed at Vizcaya, as were the music videos for New Editions "Im Still In Love With You" and Cristian Castros song Si Tú Me Amaras from 1997. Vizcaya was often used as the setting for the South Florida filming of the wedding reality show Four Weddings. The daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives also had scenes filmed at Vizcaya.</p><br>
<p>The estate can be seen in the background of various photographs taken by photographer Bunny Yeager of model Bettie Page during their working relationship in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya is also an extremely popular location for weddings and other special events, given the site&#39;s architectural and natural beauty. For decades, the estate has been a subject of photography, and is a favored site for photographs of women celebrating their quinceañera (15th birthday).</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter placed Vizcaya on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The Westcott House is a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Prairie Style house in Springfield, Ohio. The house was built in 1908 for Mr. Burton J. Westcott, his wife Orpha, and their family. The Westcott property is the only Prairie style house designed by Wright in the state of Ohio. The grounds include the main house and a garage with stables connected by an extensive pergola.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, as part of a merger, Burton J. Westcott came to Springfield, Ohio as Treasurer of The American Seeding Machine Company. He would hold the position for 21 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, Burton brought the Westcott Motor Car Company to Springfield, Ohio, from Richmond, Indiana. He was president of the company until 1925. Wright designed a detached garage which included a design for a large turntable (never installed), similar to at a railroad yard. The garage also included two pony stables and was connected to the main house by a pergola.</p><br>
<p>Burtons wife, Orpha, was from Hamilton, Ohio. The Westcotts had two children: Jeanne born in Richmond, Indiana, in 1895, and John born in Springfield, Ohio, in 1903. Orpha L. Westcott was considered one of Springfield, Ohio&#39;s most prominent and progressive women, and is credited with suggesting the selection of Frank Lloyd Wright as the architect for their new home.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the Westcotts built the only addition to their home, a summer porch on the second floor and a room below in keeping with the original design of the Prairie style architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. By 1920, Jennie was no longer living in the Westcott House; she married Richard Rodgers from Springfield, Ohio. Their wedding was held at the house. The only other residents of the house were a cook named Nora and a housemaid named Margaret, both middle-aged and originally from Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s proved to be unhappy years for the Westcott family. Orpha died suddenly in April 1923 following a minor surgical procedure in Philadelphia. At the same time Burton&#39;s company was failing. He resigned as treasurer of the American Seeding Machine Company in order to invest more time for the failing Westcott Motor Car Company. Attempts to save the ailing car company had exhausted his finances. With no other option Burton sold out. The severe stress in his life took its toll on his health. In 1926 at 57 years of age, he died in his home on East High Street while under the care of his sister from Richmond, Indiana. Funeral services were held at the Westcott residence; he was buried in Richmond, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Burton in 1926, the Westcott House was sold to Roscoe Pierce. He lived in the house until his death in 1941. Eva Linton bought the house in 1944. She subsequently sub-divided the main house into five apartments. Linton also had the stables remodeled, adding a kitchen and bathroom, and converted the garage into her place of residence. Over the next 37 years the house fell into a state of disrepair and decline. Eva Linton died in 1980, and her estate was passed to her niece Dorothy Jane Snyder. Dorothy inherited the property in 1981 and maintained it until 1988 when she sold it to her son Ken Snyder and his wife Sherri.</p><br>
<h2>Westcott House Foundation</h2><br>
<p>In 1991, Ken died unexpectedly in a car accident. Sherri struggled to manage and maintain the house until she sold the house in 2000. The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy acquired the decaying Westcott House from Mrs. Snyder for $300,000 through the use of their Lewis-Haines revolving loan program, and as part of the predefined purchase arrangement the house was subsequently sold on May 11, 2001, to the newly formed non-profit The Westcott House Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Westcott House Foundation was organized by a devoted group of Springfield preservationists and benefactors, bolstered with a multi-year $3.5 million grant from the local Turner Foundation, they bought the house from the Conservancy and committed to restore the all-but-lost historic residence. Chambers, Murphy and Burge of Akron, Ohio, and Schooley Caldwell Associates of Columbus, Ohio, were secured to be the lead architectural firms for the project. The nearly 5-year, $5.8 million, restoration of the Westcott House was completed in 2005, and was governed by goals and objectives set forth by the Westcott House Foundation and the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. More than four hundred architects, engineers, craftspeople and volunteers contributed to the effort. Original stucco was restored, paint was removed from brick walls, and the original Ludowici tiles were replaced with new ones. The Westcott House opened to the public on October 15, 2005, in a ceremony attended by the Westcotts&#39; grandchildren.</p><br>
<p>As of 2019, the Westcott House Foundation sponsors a lecture series, an array of educational programs for student, adults and educators, design exhibits, immersive art/multi-media events, design workshops, and social activities. The foundation strives to promote a greater understanding of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture, particularly about Wright&#39;s concept of organic architecture, design process thinking, and design education. Guided tours are offered Wednesdays through Sundays.</p><br>
<p>Since the 2005 opening, the Wescott House has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, Institute of Museum and Library Services and National Endowment for the Humanities.</p><br>
<p>The Darwin D. Martin House is a historic house museum in Buffalo, New York. The propertys buildings were designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905. The house is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wrights Prairie School era.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Martin House was built for businessman Darwin D. Martin (1865-1935) and his wife Isabelle Reidpath Martin (1869-1945). The estate also includes the residence of Martin&#39;s sister Delta (1859-1937) and her husband George F. Barton (1847-1929).</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Darwin Martins older brother William E. Martin commissioned Wright to design his house in Oak Park, Illinois. Upon first meeting Wright, William Martin was so impressed that he immediately wrote to Darwin recommending Wright to design both his house and the new Larkin Company office building then under consideration. As secretary of the Larkin Company, Darwin Martin was instrumental in promoting Wrights selection as architect. Following the Larkin commission, Wright also designed houses for two other Larkin Company executives: William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson. During the same period, Wright designed the Martin & Martin Building in Chicago, better known as the E-Z Polish Factory, for William Martin.</p><br>
<p>Wright designed the Martin House estate as an integrated composition of connecting buildings, consisting of the Martin residence itself, a long pergola connecting to a conservatory, a carriage house-stable, and a second, smaller residence, the George Barton House, built for Martins older sister Delta and her husband George F. Barton, who had been partners with William Martin in Chicago before moving to Buffalo to work for the Larkin Company. The estate also includes a gardeners cottage, the last building to be completed.</p><br>
<p>Martin, disappointed with the small size of the conservatory, had a 60 ft (18m) long greenhouse constructed between the gardeners cottage and the carriage house, to supply flowers and plants for the buildings and grounds. This greenhouse was not designed by Wright, and Martin ignored Wrights offer "to put a little architecture on it".</p><br>
<p>Over the next twenty years a long-term friendship grew between Wright and Martin, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Wright designed a second home for the Martins called Graycliff, a summer estate overlooking Lake Erie in nearby Derby, New York. A proposed Martin family mausoleum designed by Wright in 1928 was eventually built by the Forest Lawn Cemetery in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The estate exemplifies Wright&#39;s Prairie School ideal and is comparable with other notable works from this period in his career, such as the Robie House in Chicago and the Dana-Thomas House in Springfield, Illinois. Wright was especially fond of the Martin House design, referring to it for some 50 years as his "opus", and calling the estate "A well-nigh perfect composition". Wright kept the Martin site plan tacked to the wall near his drawing board for the next half century.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 Edward Bok of the Curtis Publishing Company, bent on improving American homes, invited architects to publish designs in the Ladies&#39; Home Journal, the plans of which readers could purchase for five dollars. Subsequently, the Wright design "A Home in a Prairie Town" was published in February 1901 and first introduced the term "Prairie Home". The Martin House, designed in 1903, bears a striking resemblance to that design. The facades are almost identical, except for the front entrance, and the Martin House repeats most of the Journal House ground floor. An awkward failure was no direct connection from the kitchen to the dining room. The Journal House had a serving pantry, but Wright was forced to give this up to accommodate the pergola.</p><br>
<p>Of particular significance are the fifteen distinctive patterns of 394 stained glass windows that Wright designed for the entire estate, some of which contain over 750 individual pieces of jewel-like iridescent glass, that act as "light screens" to visually connect exterior views with the spaces within. More patterns of art glass were designed for the Martin House than for any other of Wright&#39;s Prairie Houses.</p><br>
<p>Walter Burley Griffin landscaped the grounds, which were created as integral to the architectural design. A semi-circular garden which contained a wide variety of plant species, chosen for their blossoming cycles to ensure blooms throughout the growing season, surrounded the Martin House veranda.</p><br>
<h2>Estate</h2><br>
<p>The estate is located within the Parkside East Historic District of Buffalo, which was laid out by the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. Darwin Martin purchased the land in 1902. Construction began in 1903, and completed with Wright signing off on the project in 1907. The original complete Martin House estate was 29,080 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>The Martin House</h3><br>
<p>Built between 1902 and 1905, On the ground floor an entry hall bisects the house. To the right, behind a large double sided hearth, is a central living room. The room is flanked by a dining room and library which together create a long continuous space. The other axis, centered on the hearth, continues the living room out to a large covered veranda. To the left of the entry hall, is a reception room similar in size to the living room, the kitchen, and several smaller rooms. A separate mass provides for a reception room hearth, and one to the level above. The wing completes with a porte-cochère balancing the veranda. Above the entry hall, stairs wrap a small covered light well opening to the second floor. This floor provides eight bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a sewing room. The entry hall continues on axis to the pergola and conservatory beyond.</p><br>
<p>Martin had imposed no budget and Wright is believed to have spent close to $300,000. By comparison Martins brothers house cost about $5000, and the Ladies&#39; Home Journal house design an estimated price of $7000.</p><br>
<p>The Martin House is located at the south end of the estate, at 125 Jewett Parkway in Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The Barton House</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the Barton House began first in 1903 and not only was it the first building of the estate to be completed but also the first of Wright&#39;s in Buffalo. The principal living spaces are concentrated in the central two-story portion of the house where the reception, living and dining areas open into each other. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, at either end of a narrow hall. On the ground floor the kitchen is at the north end, while a scaled veranda extends from the reception hall to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Barton House is on the east side of the estate, at 118 Summit Avenue, Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The carriage house</h3><br>
<p>Originally the carriage house served as a stable with horse stalls, a hay loft, and storage for a carriage, but soon became a garage with a service area for a car, and an upstairs apartment for a chauffeur. The carriage house also contained the boilers for the estate&#39;s heating system. Built between 1903 and 1905, the original structure was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt during the restoration between 2004 and 2007. The carriage house is at the north end of the estate, directly north of the Martin House porte-cochere, to the west of the conservatory.</p><br>
<h3>The gardener&#39;s cottage</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1909 the gardeners cottage is so modest in size that a boxy configuration appears to have been inevitable, contrary to Wrights ideal of opening up the confining "box" of traditional American houses. Nevertheless, Wright managed to create an illusion of the pier and cantilever principle that characterized the Martin House by placing tall rectangular panels at each corner of the building. The gardener was Reuben Polder, who had to provide fresh flowers daily for every room in the Martin House, a task which he completed until Darwin Martin died in 1935.</p><br>
<p>The gardener&#39;s cottage is on the west side of the estate, at 285 Woodward Avenue, Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The conservatory</h3><br>
<p>Built for plant growing the conservatory features a glass-and-metal roof supported by brick piers. A plaster cast of the Winged Victory of Samothrace stands at the entrance and creates a vista through the pergola. The original conservatory was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt between 2004 and 2007 as part of the restoration. The conservatory is at the north end of the estate between the carriage house and the Barton House.</p><br>
<h3>The pergola</h3><br>
<p>The pergola runs from the entrance hall of the Martin House to the entrance of the conservatory, and is about 100 ft (30m) long.</p><br>
<p>The original pergola was demolished in 1962, and was rebuilt between 2004 and 2007. The Pergola is at the center of the estate, running north–south between the Martin House and the conservatory.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of drawings</h2><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>Following the loss of the family fortune, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Great Depression, By 1937 the estate had already begun to deteriorate, the walls at the front of the house were crumbling, and the conservatory hadn&#39;t been used for several years due to a leak in the heating system. Over the next two decades, the vacant house was considerably vandalized and deteriorated further. In 1946 the city took control over the property in a tax foreclosure sale.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Martin House Restoration Corporation (MHRC), founded in 1992, is a non-profit organization with a mandate to restore the estate to its 1907 condition and to open it as a public historic house museum. The Barton House was purchased on behalf of the MHRC in 1994 and the title to the Martin House was transferred from the University at Buffalo to the MHRC in 2002. The restoration began with the Buffalo firm Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects (HHL) being commissioned to restore the roof of the Martin House. The Gardener&#39;s Cottage was purchased in 2006, and the demolished carriage house, conservatory, and pergola were reconstructed and completed in 2007. The $50 million restoration project was completed in June 2017. It was the first time that a demolished Wright structure had been rebuilt in the United States.</p><br>
<p>One of Richard Bock&#39;s sculptures, Spring, now located in the Bock Museum at Greenville College, was copied in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Currently the MHRC operates guided public tours and presents educational programs for volunteers and the general public. In 2008, the Gardener&#39;s Cottage was finally included on the tours of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The Eleanor & Wilson Greatbatch Pavilion Visitor Center, designed by Toshiko Mori, opened March 12, 2009.</p><br>
<p>In June 2017, the unveiling of the Wisteria Mosaic Fireplace, a 360-degree work of art consisting of tens of thousands of individual glass tiles, marks the completion of the $50 million project.</p><br>
<p>Dorchester Heights is the central area of South Boston. It is the highest area in the neighborhood and commands a view of both Boston Harbor and downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dorchester is remembered in American history for an action in the American Revolutionary War known as the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, Revolutionary sentiment within New England reached a new high, and thousands of militiamen from the Northern colonies converged on Boston, pushing the British back within what were then relatively narrow city limits. In June 1775 British soldiers under General William Howe attacked and seized Bunker Hill, but in the process sustained many losses. Following this encounter, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia gave George Washington the title of commander-in-chief and sent him to oversee the Siege of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The stalemate in Boston lasted for months, only breaking when Colonel Henry Knox returned from Fort Ticonderoga in New York, having led a team of sleds loaded with tens of thousands of pounds of artillery in winter from the fort across hundreds of miles to Boston. This added artillery gave Washington the firepower needed to make a decisive move. On the night of March 4, 1776, as 800 American soldiers stood guard along the river of Dorchester shores, 1,200 American soldiers occupied Dorchester Heights. They began working through the night to build structures suitable to defend against the British Army. A large portion of the artillery, pulled by oxen, was moved and installed, without being noticed by the British, at Dorchester Heights, a point of strategic importance due to its elevation and commanding view of all of Boston and Boston Harbor.</p><br>
<p>In response, Howe planned a counteroffensive to take the fortified positions on the Heights, but bad weather forced him to reconsider. The Royal Navy evacuated the British Army from Boston on March 17, 1776, along with many Loyalists. March 17 is observed as the holiday Evacuation Day in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<h3>Historic district</h3><br>
<p>A 40 acre area of Dorchester Heights, centered on Thomas Park and the monument, was listed as the Dorchester Heights Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, encompassing the period of residential development of the area beginning in the later decades of the 19th century. The Dorchester Heights monument area was separately listed on the National Register in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>An area near the top of Telegraph Hill was used as the site of a reservoir to provide water to South Boston in 1849, with water provided from Lake Cochituate in the western suburbs. This reservoir was later filled in and South Boston High School was built on the site in 1901. The rest of the summit of the hill was developed as Thomas Park in the 1850s, a roughly elliptical park with ornamental plantings and walkways. During restoration work in the 1990s, archaeologists uncovered evidence of the Revolutionary War fortifications, previously thought to have been destroyed by the park&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The Dorchester Heights Monument, located at the center of Thomas Park, was completed in 1902 to designs by Boston architects Peabody and Stearns. It is 115 feet (35m) tall, built of Georgia white marble capped with octagonal cupola and weather vane, and is generally reminiscent of a church steeple in the Federal style. The monument is now operated by the National Park Service as part of Boston National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Avenue United Methodist Church, located in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma, and completed in 1929, is considered to be one of the finest examples of ecclesiastical Art Deco architecture in the United States, and has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built by a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1999. It has 15 floors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The design of the US$1.25 million edifice is credited to two individuals: Adah Robinson and Bruce Goff. Robinson was an art teacher at Central High School in Tulsa, and eventually was chair of the art department in the University of Tulsa. Robinson sketched the original ideas for the church. Bruce Goff, formerly one of her high school students, and the architect in 1924–1926 of her home and studio, then took the sketches and came up with the design for the church. Officially, the architecture firm credited is Rush, Endacott and Rush where Goff apprenticed (from age 12 and became a partner in 1930). There is still some debate over who was more responsible for the building. The church credits Adah Robinson with the design of this building, while Goff experts maintain that it is clearly his design. The definitive book on the subject, Tulsa Art Deco says of that issue that "it is not the purpose of this book to offer a resolution to that controversy."</p><br>
<p>The original building consisted of a semicircular auditorium, a soaring 225-foot (68.5 m) tower, and a wing containing class rooms. The soaring straight lines of the tower provide physical, visual, and philosophical linkage to the Gothic Cathedrals of past ages as well as allowing the designers to indulge in the Art Deco celebration of the vertical.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the tower, as well as on many of the other high points and used much in the same manner that churches in the Middle Ages utilized crockets and finials, is a stylized sculpture that represents two hands raised upward in prayer. This motif of praying hands is one that is echoed throughout the building and is one of the areas of design that can be traced back to the early drawings by Robinson.</p><br>
<p>While the building is in many ways unique, the idea of the large, semi-circular main auditorium has an earlier precursor in another Methodist church, Louis Sullivans St. Pauls Methodist Church, designed in 1910 and built, somewhat modified, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Like many other Art Deco buildings, the Boston Avenue Church reveled in the use of various building materials, so metal, glass, terra cotta, Indiana limestone and Minnesota granite can all be found. The exterior is decorated with numerous terra cotta sculptures by the Denver sculptor, Robert Garrison, who had been a student of Adah Robinson&#39;s in Oklahoma City. These sculptures include several groups of people at prayer representing Spiritual life, Religious Education and Worship. In these groups again can be found the two hands together motif.</p><br>
<p>Above the south entrance are the equestrian Circuit Riders, statues of the early Methodists engaged in spreading the Good Word. Two of the three riders represent historic individuals, Bishop Francis Asbury, the first American Methodist bishop and Bishop William McKendree, while the third figure, the one in the center, is symbolic of all the other men of God who did His bidding from horseback. The face on this rider was created by Garrison using the church minister&#39;s father-in-law, the Rev. T.L. Darnell, of as his model. Rev. Darnell had in fact been a circuit rider for half a century. Over the north entrance of the building there can be found idealized statues of John Wesley his brother Charles Wesley and Susanna Wesley, their mother. Other places on the exterior reveal classic art deco styles organic plant designs, which. like the stained glass windows were based on designs drawn from Oklahoma flora, most notably the tritomas and coreopsis flowers.</p><br>
<p>The building was not long in making an impression on the architectural world. Influential art critic of the day, Sheldon Chaney, allows it 5 pictures in his book and praises it saying that, "its detail is daringly new, its ornamental idioms fresh and vital, its masses fairly well sculpted and perfectly expressive of the plan," and adding, "But why for the Methodists?"</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, murals were installed on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the congregation. They were designed by Chicago artist Angelo Gherardi who continued the Art Deco design to be consistent with the building&#39;s interior and exterior design.</p><br>
<p>The construction of a columbarium inside the building was completed in 2000. Designed by Tulsa architect Roger Coffey, it allowed for the cremains of church members and their immediate family members to be interred there. The columbarium contains a 6 ft by 25 ft cut glass window created by Richard Bohm of the Tulsa Stained Glass company.</p><br>
<p>A stone from the Boston Avenue United Methodist Church is one of the stones embedded in the walls of the Chicago Tribune Building, along with over 100 others picked from historic buildings and famous sites from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Avenue Church contains a 105 rank Möller pipe organ, dedicated in 1962 at 72 playable ranks of pipes and expanded in 1986. The organ was further modified in 1995 by Daniel Angerstein. In 1999 a new Trompette-en-chamade was added. A complete stoplist for the organ can be found on the Organ Page for the Boston Avenue Church.</p><br>
<p>The church was built by W. S. Bellows Construction Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Bridge and Veterans Memorial Bridge are two bridges that cross the Neches River in Southeast Texas just upstream from Sabine Lake. It allows State Highway 87 and State Highway 73 to connect Port Arthur in Jefferson County on the southwest bank of the river. Bridge City in Orange County is on the northeast bank.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Rainbow Bridge</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the Rainbow bridge, a cantilever truss bridge, began in 1936. It was contracted under the guidance of the Texas State Highway Department. Due to concerns by the upstream city of Beaumont about the bridge posing a threat to ship navigation, the Rainbow Bridge was built with a 680 ft main span. In addition, it has a vertical clearance of 177 ft, which was intended to allow what was at the time the tallest ship in the USA Navy, passage under the bridge (however, Patoka never did). However, the height of the bridge did allow the construction of jack up offshore drilling rigs at the Bethlehem Beaumont Shipyard. With 72 rigs built, the shipyard was one of the major sources of offshore rigs built in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was completed on September 8, 1938. The nearby town of Prairie View took on the name "Bridge City" in response.</p><br>
<p>Initially named the Port Arthur-Orange Bridge, it received its current name in 1957.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>After the completion of the Veterans Memorial Bridge, the Rainbow Bridge was closed for renovations. On its re-opening in 1997, the Rainbow Bridge became one way, handling westbound traffic only.</p><br>
<p>In January 2014, refurbishment project started. It involved replacing pavement, repainting the ironwork, and repairing the supports. Work was complete in 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Veterans Memorial Bridge</h3><br>
<p>In 1988, construction began on the Veterans Memorial Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge.</p><br>
<p>This bridge runs parallel to the Rainbow Bridge, and was dedicated on September 8, 1990. With a vertical clearance of 143 ft, the bridge is somewhat shorter than its neighbor and has 640 ft main span.</p><br>
<p>While it initially served both directions of traffic, the Veterans Memorial Bridge was reconfigured to serve eastbound traffic in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the closure of one lane on the Rainbow Bridge, a single lane of the bridge was converted into westbound lane, with temporary delineators installed to prevent head on collisions. This ended when repairs to that bridge were completed, the previous westbound lane returned to its previous configuration.</p><br>
<p>In 2024, repairs were made to the concrete of the bridge. Because of this, the lane count was reduced from three to one.</p><br>
<p>Kelly Ingram Park, formerly West Park, is a 4 acre park located in Birmingham, Alabama. It is bounded by 16th and 17th Streets and 5th and 6th Avenues North in the Birmingham Civil Rights District. The park, just outside the doors of the 16th Street Baptist Church, served as a central staging ground for large-scale demonstrations during the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Reverend James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference directed the organized protest by students in 1963 which centered on Kelly Ingram Park. It was here, during the first week of May 1963, that Birmingham police and firemen, under orders from Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor, confronted the student demonstrators emerging from the 16th Street Baptist Church, almost all of them children and high school students, first with mass arrests and then with police dogs and firehoses. Images from those confrontations, broadcast internationally, spurred a public outcry which turned the nation&#39;s attention to the struggle for racial equality. The demonstrations in Birmingham brought city leaders to agree to an end of public segregation and helped to ensure the writing and then the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.</p><br>
<p>The park was named in 1932 for local firefighter Osmond Kelly Ingram, who was the first sailor in the United States Navy to be killed in World War I. In 1992 it was completely renovated and rededicated as "A Place of Revolution and Reconciliation" to coincide with the opening of the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, an interpretive museum and research center, which adjoins the park to the west.</p><br>
<p>The park is the setting for several pieces of sculpture related to the civil rights movement.</p><br>
<p>There is a central fountain and commemorative statues of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and some of the other heroes of the civil rights movement, as well as three installations by artist James Drake which flank a circular "Freedom Walk". They bring the visitor inside the portrayals of terror and sorrow of the 1963 confrontations. A limestone sculpture by Raymond Kaskey installed in 1992 depicts three ministers, John Thomas Porter, Nelson H. Smith, and A. D. King, kneeling in prayer. A statue of Rev. Fred Suttlesworth by John Rhoden faces the park from in front of the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, across the street.</p><br>
<p>The Four Spirits sculpture was unveiled at Kelly Ingram Park in September 2013 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. Crafted in Berkeley, California by Birmingham-born sculptor Elizabeth MacQueen and designed as a memorial to the four girls killed in the bombing (which occurred on September 15, 1963), it depicts the four girls in preparation for the church sermon at the 16th Street Baptist Church in the moments immediately before the explosion. The youngest girl killed in the explosion (Carol Denise McNair) is depicted releasing six doves into the air as she stands tiptoed and barefooted upon a bench as another barefooted girl (Addie Mae Collins) is depicted kneeling upon the bench, affixing a dress sash to McNair; a third girl (Cynthia Wesley) is depicted sitting upon the bench alongside McNair and Collins with a book in her lap. The book depicts the refrain of William Butler Yeats poem "The Stolen Child". The fourth girl (Carole Robertson) is depicted standing and smiling as she motions the other three girls to attend their church sermon. At the base of the sculpture is an inscription of the name of the sermon the four girls were to attend prior to the bombing—"A Love that Forgives." Oval photographs and brief biographies of the four girls killed in the explosion, the most seriously injured survivor (Sarah Collins), and the two teenage boys shot to death later that day also adorn the base of the sculpture.</p><br>
<p>Additional monuments honor Pauline Fletcher, Carrie A. Tuggle, Ruth Jackson, Arthur Shores, Julius Ellsberry, and the "foot soldiers" and other "unsung heroes" of the Civil Rights Movement.</p><br>
<p>The park hosts several local family festivals and cultural and entertainment events throughout the year. The Civil Rights Institute provides audio-tour guides for the park which feature remembrances by many of the figures directly involved in the confrontations. Urban Impact, Inc. also provides guided tours by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest College Historic District is located on a bluff overlooking the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district encompasses the campus of Marycrest College, which was a small, private collegiate institution. The school became Teikyo Marycrest University and finally Marycrest International University after affiliating with a Japanese educational consortium during the 1990s. The school closed in 2002 because of financial shortcomings. The campus has been listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties and on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004. At the time of its nomination, the historic district consisted of 13 resources, including six contributing buildings and five non-contributing buildings. Two of the buildings were already individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marycrest was founded as a Catholic womens college in 1939 by the Congregation of the Humility of Mary (CHM) at the request of Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport. Mother Mary Geraldine Upham, CHM, who had been the congregations Mother Superior at that time, became the schools first president. She had previously founded St. Josephs Junior College, later renamed Ottumwa Heights College, in 1925. Sister Hazel Marie Roth, CHM was the first Dean.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Marycrest was organized as a division of St. Ambrose College, and it was incorporated as a separate college in 1954. The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools independently accredited Marycrest in 1955 and said it "has the potential to be the Vassar of Catholic</p><br>
<p>colleges." St. Ambrose and Marycrest planned to merge in the early 1970s. They chose a new name for the school, Newman College, before the merger was discontinued and both schools remained independent of each other.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest opened with 76 students in 1939 and it grew to 935 students in 1961, the year that Mother Geraldine died. The faculty in the same time period grew from 21 members to 67. As early as the mid-1940s, international students were welcomed to the campus. In 1969, educational opportunities were extended to men when the college became coeducational. In 1990, Marycrest College became affiliated with the Teikyo Yamanashi Education and Welfare Foundation of Japan and was renamed Teikyo Marycrest University.</p><br>
<p>It was networked with Teikyo campuses around the world and its mission was dedicated to international education without prejudice. The institution ended its formal association with the Catholic Church at this time, though many of the Sisters continued to teach and work at the university.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1990s, Japanese students formed a substantial part of the enrollment of the university. When Japans economy declined in the mid-1990s, enrollment at Marycrest also declined. In 1996, the institutions name was changed to Marycrest International University. This was an attempt to more fully reflect the global mission of the institution. It was also part of an effort to re-market the university in order to boost enrollment, which by this time had declined to approximately 500 students.</p><br>
<p>The campus was closed at the end of its 2001–2002 school year, as a result of continued enrollment declines and persistent financial difficulties. Many of the remaining students transferred to nearby schools, including Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. All of the academic records are now housed at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.</p><br>
<p>Marycrest International University was respected for its solid programs in education, social work, and nursing. In its later years, the university also developed an interdisciplinary program in computer graphics and web design. The campus newspaper was The Crest. Marycrest athletic teams were called the Eagles and included men and womens soccer, basketball, volleyball, and womens softball, competing in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Annual traditions included Pig Roast, midnight breakfast, and A Taste of Culture.</p><br>
<p>Although the university is closed, the campus continues to serve an important role in the local community. In 2006, a residential community for senior citizens known as Marycrest Senior Campus was established in the residence halls. The Marycrest Campus became unified under common ownership and management in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Athletics</h2><br>
<p>The Marycrest International athletic teams were called the Eagles. The university was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Midwest Collegiate Conference (MCC) from 1988–89 to 2001–02.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The Marycrest College campus was located on the crest of a bluff 16 blocks west of downtown Davenport and 15 blocks north of the Mississippi River. It was bounded on the east by the Riverview Terrace neighborhood, which contains medium to large single-family homes. To the north is a residential neighborhood of mostly frame single-family houses that were built in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The former German-American commercial district was further north along Washington Street. Division Street was the campus&#39; western boundary where the Putnam Museum and Fejervary Park are located. The south side of the campus is a steep bluff that rises 80 ft from West 10th Street.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Marycrest campus itself was made up of 13 buildings. The earliest buildings were built around a rectangular-shaped open space. Newer buildings were built down the slope of the bluff, along West 12th Street to the east and finally across West 12th Street. The two oldest buildings were built as single-family homes that predate the establishment of the college. The Max Petersen House, known as Clifton Hill, is the place the Rev. Thomas Lawlor from St. Ambrose College acquired in 1937 for $50,000 for the new school. The house served a variety of purposes including a convent, dining hall, and music classrooms. The second house is the Dr. Kuno Struck House, which was also called Clifton Manor. It was acquired by Marycrest in 1978 and served the college as a community center. This house is also 2½-stories but is covered in pink-red brick and a rock-faced stone that is smoothly dressed. It is the only house in Davenport built in the Jacobean Revival style. Built in 1910, the house was designed by Clausen & Clausen of Davenport. The Struck&#39;s garage, built in 1927 and used as a maintenance building by the college, is also a contributing property in the historic district. Both houses are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Residence Halls</h3><br>
<p>West Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building built specifically for a dormitory was West Hall. It was built as a two-story structure in 1941 by the John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company for $23,950. It is possible that it was designed by Davenport architect Seth Temple, but that cannot be substantiated. A third floor was added in 1958. The building is connected to the Max Petersen House by a narrow single-story corridor. Measuring 39 by, the building follows a rectangular plan. Like all buildings built for the college through the 1960s, its exterior was composed of a mottled red face brick that was manufactured by the Hydraulic Press Brick Company of St. Louis. It sits on a poured concrete foundation. The main facade faces to the north and is divided into three bays. The center bay projects slightly forward. The east and west elevations are divided into eight bays. Belt courses separate floors on the end bays and the center bays are slightly recessed. Bedford stone is used for the belt courses between the floors, the plain coping, the vestibule trim, and the lintels and window sills. A stone cross is located on the center of the parapet above the main entrance vestibule. It is a contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Lawlor Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building that did not front the central campus on top of the hill was Lawlor Hall. It sits 10 ft to 20 ft down the slope of the bluff from the Max Petersen House and West Hall. Designed by Davenport architect Raymond C. Whitaker, the first two floors were built in 1955 for $150,000 to house freshmen students, hence its original name was Freshman Hall. Once again John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company served as contractor. The third floor was added four years later with Whitaker again serving as architect and Tunnicliff and MacDonald as general contractors. The 164 by building follows a rectangular plan and has an exposed basement, which gives it the appearance as a four-story building from the south. While it is a Modern architectural style building its exterior is composed of the same brick as West Hall. The flat coping of the parapet is covered with brushed aluminum. The main entrance is located in a recessed bay in a single-story section on the east side of the building and faces to the north. The north elevation is 10 bays and the south elevation is 13 bays. Most bays have a paired three-light window group. A few of the bays on the south side have single windows. It is a contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Rohlman Hall</p><br>
<p>Raymond Whitaker and Ken Wagner designed Rohlman Hall, which was completed in 1966 by O. Jorgensen & Sons of Clinton, Iowa. It is 30 ft down the slope from Lawlor Hall and 50 ft lower than the center of campus. The 197 by building has a total of six floors in two wings that form an L-shaped plan. The east-west oriented wing is three stories above grade and a partially exposed basement visible on the south side. The north-south oriented wing sits lower than the other wing and includes two floors plus a ground floor on the east elevation and a lower floor plus a basement floor beneath the ground floor on the south and west elevations. In many ways, Rohlman Hall is similar in design to Lawler Hall. It is built of the same brick, it does not feature a standard main facade, the coping is covered with brushed aluminum, and most bays have a paired three-light window group. Like Lawlor, the main entrance is located on the east side of the building and faces north, but here it is located in a separate wing rather than a single story entryway. Two flights of concrete steps on the eastern side of Lawlor Hall connect to a 10 ft wide suspended concrete bridge that leads to the main entrance of Rohlman Hall. It is a non-contributing building.</p><br>
<h3>Mixed-Use Halls</h3><br>
<p>Upham Hall</p><br>
<p>The first building built specifically for college purposes was Upham Hall. It was originally named the Administration Building when it was built in 1939 and was also known as Liberal Arts Hall before it was named after Mother Mary Geraldine in 1963. The building was designed by Seth Temple and his son Arthur Temple in the Collegiate Gothic style. It was built by John C. Tunnicliff Construction Company for $165,000. Upham Hall rises three floors on the north facade, which faces the center of the campus, and four flours and a tall foundation level on the south elevation. The foundation of the building is poured concrete, the walls are of the mottled red face brick used in other Marycrest buildings, and Bedford stone trim. The rectangular building features a central pavilion of four bays that is faced with Bedford stone to the third floor. Extending to the east and west are wings of five bays each whose brick is laid in an English cross bond with alternating courses of headers and stretchers. The Tudor arched main entrance is flanked by simple stone buttresses with vertical ornamentation. Simple brick buttresses separate the bays on the west wing. The east wing is dominated by four two-story Tudor arched windows. They denote the location of the 300-seat auditorium whose stage is against the central pavilion. Upham Hall has been used for a variety of purposes including as administrative offices, classrooms, some of which were used temporarily as dormitory rooms, faculty offices, the first chapel, an auditorium, and a gymnasium. It is a key contributing building, and a utility shed immediately south of Upham Hall (c. 1940) is also a contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Petersen Hall</p><br>
<p>Temple and Temple designed the concept of Petersen Hall to be built in three stages, which it was. The building embraces the Late Gothic Revival and Jacobethan Revival styles. The Temples completed the drawings for the first phase that was built in 1948 and for the second phase that was completed three years later. Raymond Whitaker completed drawings for the third phase that was completed in 1962. The first phase of the building is located in the center and is denoted by its four-story tower. The 186 by structure was built by John C. Tunnicliff for $250,000. It housed dormitory rooms on the west, a lounge and business offices in the center, the primary kitchen was located in the basement, and a cafeteria and a chapel on the east. The west wing forms the second phase that was completed in 1951 by Tunnicliff for $160,000. The 50 by section contained dormitory rooms. Priester Construction Company of Davenport completed the third section for $280,000 in 1962. It provided additional space for the cafeteria and chapel on the first two floors and dormitory rooms on the third floor. The building was originally named North Hall and was renamed in honor of the Petersen family around 1964. It is a key contributing building.</p><br>
<h3>Single-Use Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Cone Library</p><br>
<p>Apart from residence halls, the Cone Library is the first single-purpose academic building constructed on campus. Raymond Whitaker designed the building that was constructed by H. George Schloemer in 1958 for $250,000. The 186 by Modern structure follows an irregular rectangular plan and is dominated by large plate glass windows. The main facade of the building is divided into eight bays with the main entrance just off center. The entrance bay is set off by stone. The buildings mottled red face brick is laid in American bond with a header course on every sixth course. Another dominate feature of the building are the deep eaves that overhang the walls. Along the upper part of the wall is a wide band of stone. The window lintels are likewise stone. There are also three basement level windows in each bay, save for the entrance bay. The east side of the south elevation is composed of solid brick with no windows. It features a decorative cut stone design that portrays Marycrests insignia that is embedded in the wall. It was created by Sister Mary Clarice Ebert, CHM, who taught in the college&#39;s art department. The front section of the main level of the interior was divided into three large rooms. They were separated by wood and glass panel walls. The periodical reading room was on the north, the main desk and card catalog were in the center, and the reference reading room was on the south. The stacks were located across the back of the building. The basement originally housed the student union in the south half and an audio-visual room, alumnae office, and receiving room on the north. It is a non-contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Walsh Hall</p><br>
<p>Raymond Whitaker was already in retirement when he designed Walsh Hall with the assistance of Kenneth Wagner. It was completed in 1964 by O. Jorgensen & Sons of Clinton for $650,000. The four-story structure housed science classrooms and laboratories. The 162 by building follows a rectangular plan with its main facade on the west elevation. The exterior brick is laid in American bond with a header course set between every fifth course. Parapet walls capped with stone rise above a flat roof. Brick piers separate the bays. The main facade is five bays while the side elevations are eight bays. The west elevation is composed of the main entrance in the center bay with windows similar to others found in the building above it. The center bay is flanked by two bays with a single column of windows centered in the bay. There is a combination of single, paired and triple window units in the building. The east elevation features window groupings similar to those found on the north elevation. The south elevation features an unusual arrangement of windows and stone panels that form a cross in the center bay. The clustered window groups have stone sills, frames and mullions. The stone belt courses on each floor double as window lintels. It is a non-contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Nursing Education Building</p><br>
<p>The Davenport architectural firm of Charles Richardson Associates designed the building that was built by Priester Construction in 1973 for $1.9</p><br>
<p>million. The 103 by, three-story structure follows a rectangular plan. There is a single-story</p><br>
<p>lecture hall-auditorium that is attached to the west side of the building on the basement level. The exterior walls are composed of reinforced concrete and are partially faced with reddish-brown brick that is laid in a running bond. Both the north and south elevations are divided into seven bays and the east and west elevations are divided into three bays. The most dominant feature is the building&#39;s third floor that cantilevers around the entire perimeter of the structure. It is supported by square, pre-cast concrete columns. The building reflects the influence of the Miesian and New Formalism architectural styles. The windows on the first and second floor are panels of tinted glass, with vertical window pairs on the third floor. Matching entrances are located in the center bay on the north and south elevations. The building housed a television studio and control room, lecture halls, offices, classrooms, a student lounge, study rooms, a laboratory, faculty lounge, media workroom and conference rooms. It is a non-contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Activities Center</p><br>
<p>The Activities Center was the only building constructed on the north side of West 12th Street. Designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Frevent, Ramsey & Dray, it was constructed by Priester Construction Company in 1978. The 225 by single-story structure followed a T-shaped plan. Unlike all of the other buildings on the Marycrest campus, its exterior is covered with brown corrugated steel. It features a broad gable that faces the street. The roof over the gymnasium portion of the building is also corrugated steel. The facility housed four combination basketball/volleyball/tennis courts, a ⅛-mile jogging track, a fitness center, and the student center. The larger gymnasium section is joined to a smaller wing off of the east side that housed offices. It is faced with mottled tan and brown brick over concrete block on the lower portion of the walls and corrugated steel above. The office wing is divided into three bays, and it is capped by a shed roof that extends along the south side. The recessed main entrance is located in the center bay. The building continues to house a sports complex known as Beyond The Baseline. It is a non-contributing building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Kevin O&#39;Neill (MA 1983), NBA and collegiate basketball coach, formerly the coach of the USC Trojans</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church is located in the restored area of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was established in 1674 by the consolidation of two previous parishes in the Virginia Colony, and remains an active Episcopal parish. The building, constructed 1711–15, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as a well-preserved early example of colonial religious architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The roots of Bruton Parish Church trace back to both the Church of England and the new settlement of the Colony of Virginia at Jamestown in the early 17th century. The role of the church and its relationship to the government had been established by King Henry VIII some years earlier. The same relationship was established in the new colony.</p><br>
<h3>1607: the Church of England in the new Virginia Colony</h3><br>
<p>When the English colony was established at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, the conduct of worship and the building of a primitive chapel were given priority even as the first fort was built. The Reverend Robert Hunt served as the first chaplain. He had been the chaplain appointed to serve as spiritual leader of the three-ship expedition headed by Christopher Newport, and he lit the candle for the Anglican Church in Virginia a few weeks earlier when he first lifted his voice in public thanksgiving and prayer on April 29, as the settlers made what has come to be known as their "First Landing" near the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. He also was the one to plant the cross at Cape Henry (which they named after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I).</p><br>
<p>Captain John Smith described the Reverend Mr Hunt as our honest, religious and courageous divine. In his role as religious leader, he was a peacemaker, often bringing harmony to a quarreling group of men. Hunt was among those who did not survive that first year. After five very difficult years, during which the majority of the constant flow of colonists did not survive, the colony began to grow. As in England, the parish became a unit of local importance equal in power and practical aspects to other entities such as the courts and even the House of Burgesses.</p><br>
<p>The earlier settlements were along the major waterways, such as the James River and the York River. The expansion and subdivision of the church parishes and shires (counties) of Virginia after 1634 both followed this growth. Parishes needed to be close enough for travel to church for worship, an obligation everyone was expected to fulfil. (A parish was normally led spiritually by a rector and governed by a committee of members generally respected in the community which was known as the vestry).</p><br>
<h3>Growth of the Colony: 1632 Middle Plantation</h3><br>
<p>The interior area of the Virginia Peninsula was not settled until a period beginning in the 1630s when a stockade was completed across the Peninsula between Archers Hope Creek (later College Creek) and Queens Creek, each navigable to an opposing river.</p><br>
<p>Dr John Potts figured prominently in the early development. In 1625, he was commissioned a member of the Governor&#39;s Council, on which he served for a number of years. In 1628 he was chosen Governor, and held the position from 1629 until the early part of 1630, when he was superseded by Sir John Harvey.</p><br>
<p>Dr Potts had a plantation which he called "Harrop", possibly named in honor of his ancestral home, Harrop, in Cheshire, England, where some of the Potts family resided at that period. (This plantation, patented in 1631, may be related to the Harrop Parish established in 1644, which years later became part of Bruton Parish).</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 1632, Dr Potts obtained a patent for 1,200 acre at the head of Archer&#39;s Hope Creek. Part of this land was to become the fortified palisade across the peninsula. Palisades, six miles (10 km) in length, were run from creek to creek, and, on the ridge between, a settlement to be called Middle Plantation was made. Middle Plantation consisted of property owned by Colonel John Page (26 December 1628 – 23 January 1692). John Page was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Council of the Virginia Colony. A wealthy landowner, Page donated land and funds for the first brick Bruton Parish Church. Col. Page was a prime force behind the small community gaining the site for the College of William and Mary, Founded in 1693. He was also a chief proponent of the village (that later became Williamsburg) and donated more land to create the village.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Potts would have certainly recognized the sanitary advantages of the country around Middle Plantation. As the ridge between the creeks was remarkably well drained, there were few mosquitoes. The deep ravines penetrating from the north and south made the place of much strategic value. Also, the only practical road down the Peninsula was over this ridge, and this road was easily defended. At Middle Plantation, some years later, this road was later to be called Duke of Gloucester Street, and it would later form the dividing boundary line between portions of James City and York County for many years.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Plantation becomes a town</h3><br>
<p>Despite the favorable location, development of Middle Plantation as a residential and trade community did not immediately take place. The area was still on the edge of the frontier and subject to attacks by the Native Americans, who were being crowded out of their homeland by the ever-expanding colony. This was especially true prior to the second major conflict with the Powhatan Confederacy in 1644, after which a peace was established. Although the local Natives had basically been overwhelmed and subdued, conflicts continued further west with tribal groups other than the Powhatan.</p><br>
<p>Beginning after 1644, the interior areas of the Peninsula such as that of Middle Plantation became more attractive for settlement. By the 1650s, Middle Plantation began to look both populated and wealthy, straddling the boundary between James City County and York County. Colonel John Page, a merchant who had emigrated from Middlesex, England with his wife Alice Luckin Page in 1650, was largely responsible for building Middle Plantation into a substantial town. In an era of wooden buildings, brick was a sign of both wealth and permanence. Page built a large, brick house in Middle Plantation and began encouraging the growth of the area. The Ludwell brothers (Thomas and Phillip) also built a substantial brick home, even larger than that of Page. The houses that Page and the Ludwells built were among the finest in the colony. Another brick house was built nearby by the Pages&#39; eldest son, Francis. By the third quarter of the 17th century, Middle Plantation must have looked like a place of importance.</p><br>
<h3>Worship in Middle Plantation</h3><br>
<p>In 1633, according to records, Middle Plantation Parish was established. It is known there was a wooden church by around 1660, but little else is known. In 1658, Middle Plantation Parish was united with Harrop Parish in James City County in 1658 to form Middletown Parish.</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish was formed in 1674 when Marston Parish (formed in 1654) in York County merged with Middletown Parish. The first vestrymen for Bruton Parish, named at its creation in 1674, were Col. Thomas Ballard Sr., Daniel Parke, Col. John Page, James Besouth, Robert Cobbs, James Bray, Capt. Philip Chesley and William Aylett.</p><br>
<p>The name of the parish comes from the town of Bruton, in the English county of Somerset, which was the ancestral home to several leading colonial figures, notably Virginia&#39;s colonial secretary Thomas Ludwell and the Ludwell family, as well as that of the Royal Governor, Sir William Berkeley. By this time, the Ludwells were living in Middle Plantation, and the idea of moving the capital there had been put forth unsuccessfully at least once. Bruton Parish was about 10 mi square.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Page donated a plot of land about 144 ft by 180 ft and funds for building a brick church and for the surrounding churchyard in 1678. In return for his donation of land and funds towards the new church, Col. Page was allowed to have his family seated in a special pew at the front of the church in the chancel ahead of the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Other subscribers pledged additional funds. The construction contract was awarded in June 1681 and the building was complete by November 29, 1683. The first rector, the Reverend Rowland Jones, dedicated the structure on January 6, 1684 at the Epiphany.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1683, the brick church, about 60 ft by 24 ft, rose to the north and west of the present church building and only a few steps northwest. The buried foundations remain.</p><br>
<h3>Country parish changes its role</h3><br>
<p>Conditions at Jamestown had made it problematic to serve as capital of the colony, and during the second half of the 17th century, sessions of the House of Burgesses and Governors Council had periodically relocated to Middle Plantation, or longtime Governor Sir William Berkeleys Green Spring Plantation, both relatively nearby, and considered both safer and healthier locations than Jamestown Island. This and another situation combined to bring tiny Middle Plantation and Bruton Parish to prominence in the colony.</p><br>
<p>In 1691, the House of Burgesses sent the Reverend James Blair, the colony&#39;s top religious leader and rector of Henrico Parish at Varina, to England to secure a charter to establish "a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and the good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming." Blair journeyed to London and began a vigorous campaign. With support from his friends, Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, and John Tillotson (Archbishop of Canterbury), Blair was ultimately successful.</p><br>
<p>The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a Royal Charter secured by Blair. Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college was one of the original Colonial colleges. William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; governors were required to be members of the Church of England, and professors were required to declare adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Mr Blair, who had been serving as Rector of Henrico Parish (then along the western frontier), was very aware of the fate of Henricus and the first attempt at a college there, both of which had been annihilated in the Indian Massacre of 1622. The peaceful situation with the Native Americans and the high ground and central location in the developed portion of the colony at Middle Plantation must have appealed to him, for he is credited with selecting a site for the new college on the outskirt of the tiny community. Blair and the trustees of the College of William and Mary bought a parcel of 330 acre from Thomas Ballard for the new school. The new school opened in temporary buildings in 1694. Properly called the "College Building", the first version of the Wren Building was built at Middle Plantation beginning on August 8, 1695 and occupied by 1700. (Today, the Wren Building is the oldest academic structure in continuous use in America).</p><br>
<p>The State House at Jamestown burned again (for the third time) in 1698, and as it had in the past, the legislature again took up temporary quarters at Middle Plantation. On May 1, 1699, Blair and five students of the College of William and Mary appeared before the House of Burgesses (which was meeting nearby in temporary quarters) to suggest that they designate Middle Plantation (soon to be renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III), as the new capital of Virginia, and a month later, the legislators agreed.</p><br>
<p>Following its designation as the Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for construction of a capitol building and for platting the new city according to the survey of Theodorick Bland. Bruton Parish Church held a prominent location in the new plan.</p><br>
<p>Thus, by 1699, Bruton Parish Church found itself located adjacent to both the new college and the new capital of the colony. During the colonial period, all those in public office were required to attend church. Government and College officials in the capital city of Williamsburg therefore would have attended Bruton Parish Church. The influx of students, the governor and his entourage, and the legislature, as well as townspeople overwhelmed the small church.</p><br>
<p>The church and Williamsburg were each central to the life and government of the colony, As the court church of colonial Virginia, Bruton Parish Church soon took on appropriate trappings such as an altar cloth and cushion.</p><br>
<h3>1715: a new church building</h3><br>
<p>Historians from Colonial Williamsburg Foundation have noted that the brick church stood near the center of Williamsburgs original survey map drawn 15 years after it was built. The layout may have been designed at least partially around the extant church, suggesting the churchs importance to the colonial community&#39;s life. The brick church was, however, in poor condition and deemed inadequate for its prominent role.</p><br>
<p>In 1706, the vestry began considering building a larger church. With only 110 families in 1724, the parish vestry could, however, only afford to plan a small church, and invited the colony&#39;s government to finance an enlargement to accommodate the needs not arising from the local residents. Four years later the General Assembly agreed to fund pews for the governor, council, and burgesses. Royal Governor Alexander Spotswood drafted plans for the structure: a cruciform church (the first in Virginia) 75 feet long, 28 ft wide, with 19 ft long transepts (wings).</p><br>
<p>Under the watchful eye of Dr. James Blair, who was rector from 1710 to 1743 (and also president of William and Mary from 1693 until his death), the construction of the new church got underway, with the first construction contract awarded in 1711. Finished in 1715, the church soon had all the required furnishings: Bible, prayer books, altar, font, cushions, surplice, bell, and reredos tablets.</p><br>
<p>In 1755 the church got its first organ when the vestry voted on November 18 to enable "a person to build a Loft for an Organ in the Church in the City of Williamsburg, and to set up the same." Peter Pelham was unanimously chosen as the church&#39;s first organist.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after, the parish established the Bruton Parish Poorhouse.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution, decline</h3><br>
<p>As the American Revolutionary War began in 1776, the power of both the monarchy and the church as an institution controlled by the government came into question in the colony. Among the Virginia leaders of the time who attended Bruton Parish Church were Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Richard Henry Lee, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, and George Mason.</p><br>
<p>The capital was relocated to Richmond in 1781 for greater security in the conflict with Great Britain, and when the new Constitution of the United States and the accompanying Bill of Rights were adopted, the concepts of Separation of Church and State and Freedom of Religion changed the role of Bruton Parish Church in its community. With the end of colonial rule, Bruton Parish Church declined just as the city did. Among notables buried in the cemetery are Cyrus Griffin, John Blair, and Edmund Pendleton</p><br>
<p>However, the church grew anew as part of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, which became the first autonomous Anglican province outside the British Isles. In the new Commonwealth of Virginia, those attending Bruton Parish Church did so by choice, and the parish survived to modern times, where it is still active. Over the years, various changes were made to the church fabric, including reversing the interior to place the altar at the west, instead of the east, end. In the early 20th century, an important restoration took place.</p><br>
<h3>Revitalization of Colonial Williamsburg</h3><br>
<p>The revitalization of Bruton Parish Church came about largely through the efforts of its rector, the Reverend Dr W.A.R. Goodwin (1869&ndash;1939), who came to the parish in 1903. He was inspired by his historic parish with its many surviving 18th-century buildings. Dr Goodwin oversaw fund-raising, preservation and restoration of the aged and historic church building, using information gathered from town and church records. The restoration of the interior of Bruton Parish Church to its colonial form and appearance was inaugurated by a service held on May 14, 1905, with a sermon on the Continuity of the Life of the Church, by Rev. Beverley Dandridge Tucker, D.D. The church&#39;s restoration was completed by 1907, in time to mark the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the Episcopal Church in America. The work turned out to be only the first part of a much larger restoration.</p><br>
<p>Dr Goodwin was called to Rochester, New York, where he stayed until 1923, when he returned to Virginia, to teach at the College of William and Mary, and serve again at Bruton Parish. He was shocked at the continued deterioration of many other historic buildings in the immediate vicinity of the church and the college. He feared they would be completely destroyed as time went on. In 1924, Dr Goodwin started a movement to preserve the buildings in the district. As his primary source of funding, Dr Goodwin was fortunate in this effort to sign on John D. Rockefeller Jr., the wealthy son of the founder of Standard Oil, and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. He stimulated their interest in the old city and helped that grow into the incredible generosity that financed the restoration. Together, through their personal efforts and diligence, and funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Abby and John Rockefeller worked with Dr Goodwin and others to make the remarkable dream of restoring the old colonial capital come true.</p><br>
<h3>Search for "Bacon&#39;s Vault"</h3><br>
<p>In 1938 Marie Bauer, a follower and the future wife of prominent mystic Manly P. Hall, claimed to have deciphered information hidden in George Withers 1635 book A Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne that under the foundations of the first brick church at Bruton Parish was a secret vault containing lost writings by Sir Francis Bacon, including proof that Bacon was the true author of Shakespeares plays and plans for a utopian society. Bauer received permission from the parish to conduct an excavation, and using coordinates she reportedly decoded from various tombstones on the grounds, uncovered the foundations of the original 1683 brick church. The excavation was halted after digging to a depth of about nine feet for fear of desecrating the graves in the churchyard. Bauer then hired an engineering firm to conduct metal-detecting tests on the site, which concluded that "At a depth of from sixteen to twenty feet square…lies a body partially filled and much larger than an ordinary tomb."</p><br>
<p>Interest in the supposed vault was rekindled in 1985 after radar tests indicated possible disturbed soil beneath the site of the 1938 dig. Following the arrest of three people caught digging on the church grounds in the middle of the night, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conducted a new excavation in the summer of 1992. Following Bauer&#39;s original calculations, archeologists dug to a depth of twenty feet without locating any evidence of a vault. A geologist from the College of William & Mary took several soil samples and concluded that the ground at that depth had lain undisturbed for three million years.</p><br>
<h2>The Church today</h2><br>
<p>Today Colonial Williamsburg&#39;s Historic Area occupies 173 acre and includes 88 original buildings and more than 50 major reconstructions. It is joined by the Colonial Parkway to the two other sides of the Historic Triangle, Jamestown and Yorktown. At Jamestown, England established its first permanent colony in the Americas, and at Yorktown the Continental Army under George Washington won a decisive victory to end British rule.</p><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church today is the most active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia. It has nearly two thousand members, four regular Sunday services, and active youth and college organizations. The Church has been restored to its appearance during the colonial era, and name plates on its box pews commemorate famous worshippers from the time, including George Washington, James Madison, John Tyler, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. The church still uses a bell cast in 1761, which rang to celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, marking the end of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The bell in the tower is engraved: "The Gift of James Tarpley to Bruton Parish, 1761." In 1766 it celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act. On May 15, it celebrated the passing of a resolution by the House of Burgesses to establish a State Constitution and Declaration of Rights, and to instruct the Virginia Delegates in Congress to offer a resolution to declare the united Colonies free and independent states. In 1783 it celebrated the ratification of the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain." &#39;"</p><br>
<p>And, much as the former country parish found a new role with the influx of persons visiting the new College and colonial capital in the 18th century, visitors to Colonial Williamsburg are welcomed to join locals, including students, college staff, and community leaders in worshipping there.</p><br>
<h3>Music program</h3><br>
<p>Bruton Parish Church has a rich tradition of music, dating back to 1755. While in the early days the only music allowed would have been a prelude and postlude (instrumental music before and after the service) and the responsive chanting of psalms, the church has had an organ since 1755. Because of the ban on music, this was highly unusual, but since the church was in the capital city and had a number of high class congrengants, the organ was deemed necessary. Peter Pelham was the first organist, and began the tradition of Candlelight Concerts by allowing locals to come in and listen while he gave lessons to promising students.</p><br>
<p>The current music program, led by Rebecca Davy and JanEl Will, carries on the traditions started by Pelham while keeping up with modern trends in worship. The two primary choirs, the Pelham and Chancel choirs, sing in the morning services and at special concerts such as the John D. Rockefeller Jr memorial concert. In addition to the two choirs, there are also a college student choir that sings at an evening service, two children&#39;s choirs that sing on occasion during services, an orchestra that plays for the choir concerts, and a handbell choir that plays during services and at special concerts. The church continues the tradition of candlelight concerts with guest choirs, guest organists, and instrumentalists on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday nights as well as special monthly Evensong services featuring guest choirs.</p><br>
<p>In January 2011, the church decided to take Peter Pelhams tradition of instructing students to a new level and create the position of organ scholar. The first organ scholar was Allen T. Blehl of Oradell, New Jersey. Blehl studied organ since he was 13, and continued his studies at the College of William and Mary under instructor Thomas Marshall in addition to performing services and concerts at Bruton Parish Church. In 2014, following Blehls graduation from William and Mary, Carina Sturdy became the new organ scholar.</p><br>
<p>Cotton Gin Port is a ghost town in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cotton Gin Port was located at 33&deg;58&prime;15&Prime;N latitude, 88&deg;32&prime;35&Prime;W longitude on the east bank of the Tombigbee river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cotton Gin Port was the first town settled by Europeans in what became north Mississippi. It was developed on the east bank of the Tombigbee River, at a crossing of vital Indian trails. This had been a base of expeditions of French explorers Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1736 and Vaudreuil in 1752.</p><br>
<p>After the United States acquired the territory, it was first considered part of Marion County in the Alabama Territory.</p><br>
<p>The new demarcation lines of 1820-21 established a state boundary that allocated the town and related area to Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The early USA government built a cotton gin in 1801 at Cotton Gin Port as part of a "plan of civilization" for the local Chickasaw, whom it wanted to have adopt European-American customs. The settlement soon became recognized as a trading post for business with the Chickasaw. A road, Gaines Trace, was built to the town in 1811 and 1812. This road ran from close to present-day Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River to Cotton Gin Port, where it crossed the Tombigbee. From there it continued south to Fort Stoddert, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>As railroads were constructed in the region, the Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad bypassed Cotton Gin Port, and established a new railroad town at Amory, Mississippi. In a pattern repeated in numerous other places, this bypass resulted in the older town being abandoned, as businesses and residents moved to have access to the railroad at Amory.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the old town can still be found between the Tenn-Tom Waterway and the Tombigbee River. Relics from the former settlement can be seen at the Amory Municipal Museum. Levi Colbert, a chief of the Chickasaw, is said to have lived on the bluff west of Cotton Gin Port, near a large spreading oak known as the council tree, a meeting place for tribal elders. The former cotton gin was built near here.</p><br>
<p>Mar-a-Lago is a resort and National Historic Landmark in Palm Beach, Florida. It spans 126 rooms and 62,500 ft&sup2; built on 17 acres of land. Since 1985, it has been owned by United States president-elect Donald Trump. The estate has been his primary residence since 2019.</p><br>
<p>Mar-a-Lago was built for the businesswoman and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post between 1924 and 1927, during the Florida land boom. At the time of her death in 1973, Post bequeathed the property to the National Park Service, hoping it could be used for state visits or as a Winter White House. However, because the costs of maintaining the property exceeded the funds provided by Post, and because it was difficult to secure the facility, the property was returned to the Post Foundation by act of Congress 96-586 on 23 December 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Donald Trump, primarily a businessman and real estate investor at the time, acquired Mar-a-Lago and used it as a residence. In 1994, he converted it into the Mar-a-Lago Club, a members-only club with guest rooms, a spa, and other hotel-style amenities. The Trump family maintains private quarters in a closed-off area on the grounds. During his first presidency, Trump frequently visited Mar-a-Lago and held meetings there with international leaders, including Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe and Chinese president Xi Jinping. Since 2019, Trump has designated the estate as his primary residence.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Mar-a-Lago means "sea to lake" in Spanish, reflecting the fact that the estate extends from one end of Palm Beach Island to the other, touching the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Lake Worth on the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>During the 1920s Florida land boom, Marjorie Merriweather Post, heiress to the Post Cereals business and later the wealthiest woman in the United States, paid for the house to be built with her husband Edward F. Hutton. She hired Marion Sims Wyeth as designer and Joseph Urban for interior design and exterior decorations. Post spent US $7 million (equivalent to $ million in ). It was finished in 1927. At the time it was the most expensive non-royal residence built in history.</p><br>
<h3>Winter residence of Marjorie Merriweather Post</h3><br>
<p>Hutton and Post regularly used Mar-a-Lago as their winter residence, typically staying from mid January to late March. Post hosted dinner parties, charity events, concerts, costume balls, and a circus.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, Hutton and Post divorced. Post married the Washington lawyer Joseph E. Davies, who was appointed ambassador to the Soviet Union. Mar-a-Lago was closed for five seasons. Post made only brief visits to Mar-a-Lago in the early 1940s and did not stay at the estate from 1941 to 1948. In April 1944 the house was turned into a training centre for returning servicemen.</p><br>
<p>Post returned to Mar-a-Lago in 1948 and began to host social events again. Since 1957 it has traditionally hosted the International Red Cross gala. In 1961 a pavilion with a 30-foot-by-50-foot dance floor was built where square dance evenings were held.</p><br>
<h3>Federal government and foundation</h3><br>
<p>By the 1950s and 1960s, social tastes had changed, and many mansions constructed in the 1920s were demolished. However, in 1969 Mar-a-Lago was designated a national historic site. A contemporary report prepared by the Department of the Interior attributed its significance to providing "an excellent picture of winter resort life in Palm Beach prior to the Depression".</p><br>
<p>Post, who died in 1973, willed the 17 acre estate to the United States government as a Winter White House for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries. Richard Nixon preferred the Florida White House in Key Biscayne, however, and Jimmy Carter was not interested. The federal government soon realized the immense cost of maintenance and the difficulty of providing security and returned it to the Post Foundation in 1981. It was listed for sale for $20 million. Post&#39;s daughters, including Dina Merrill, did not maintain the property anticipating a sale, but there was so little interest that its demolition was approved.</p><br>
<p>Mar-a-Lago was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 for exemplifying "the baronial way of life of the wealthy who built mansions in Florida during the Florida land boom of the 1920s".</p><br>
<h3>Trump ownership</h3><br>
<p>Donald Trump initially offered the Post family $15 million, which was rejected. Trump then purchased land between Mar-a-Lago and the ocean from Jack C. Massey, the former owner of KFC, for $2 million, stating he intended to build a home that would block Mar-a-Lago&#39;s beach view. This threat caused competing interest in Mar-a-Lago to decline. Trump purchased the property for $7 million in 1985. Different sources have put the combined total cost of the purchase at around $10 million. The minimum acceptable bid had been $20 million, and the interior furnishings were appraised at $8 million.</p><br>
<p>Extensive renovations were done, including the addition of a 20,000 ft&sup2; ballroom. The club has five clay tennis courts and a waterfront pool. Trump&#39;s wife at the time, Ivana Trump, managed the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, Trump was filmed with Jeffrey Epstein at a party in Mar-a-Lago. The footage received attention following Epsteins arrest for sex trafficking in 2019, and video footage of Trump talking to Epstein in Mar-a-Lago appears in the 2020 mockumentary black comedy film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. It was also alleged that Mar-a-Lago hosted an event for 28 women in 1992 where Trump and Epstein were the only male attendees. Further photographs of the pair taken at Mar-a-Lago include a photograph of Trump and Epstein from 1997, and a photograph taken on 12 February 2000 with Trump, Epstein, Ghislaine Maxwell, and Trumps future wife Melania Knauss.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, Trump faced financial difficulties. While negotiating with bankers he attempted to divide Mar-a-Lago into smaller properties, alarming Palm Beach residents. City council rejected this plan. Trump instead turned the estate into a private club in 1994, fighting what he considered to be excessive restrictions.</p><br>
<p>The new club hosted concerts by celebrities such as Céline Dion and Billy Joel, and had beauty pageant contestants as guests. The club also had numerous celebrity guests; notably, Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley had their honeymoon at Mar-a-Lago in 1994, and according to his biography Michael Jackson: The Magic and the Madness Jackson and Presley kissed for the first time at Mar-a-Lago early in their relationship. It still frequently hosted the International Red Cross Ball, an annual "white tie, tails, and tiara" event founded by Post.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, Virginia Giuffre was a spa attendant at Mar-a-Lago when she was first approached by Ghislaine Maxwell and introduced to Jeffrey Epstein. Giuffre would later go on to make accusations against Maxwell and Epstein for sex trafficking her to clients including Prince Andrew and Alan Dershowitz.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Trump married Melania Knauss at Mar-a-Lago. The ceremony was attended by Bill and Hillary Clinton, as well as many other celebrities and figures in media and broadcasting.</p><br>
<p>According to financial disclosure forms filed by Trump, the Mar-a-Lago Club had $29.7 million in gross revenues in the period of June 2015 through May 2016. The club had revenues of $25.1 million for calendar year 2017, $22 million in 2018, and $21.4 million in 2019.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, Forbes estimated the value of the estate at around $350 million.</p><br>
<h3>First Trump presidency</h3><br>
<p>President Trump referred to Mar-a-Lago as his "Winter White House", and on occasion his "Southern White House".</p><br>
<p>During Trump&#39;s presidency, a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) was operational at Mar-a-Lago. It was removed after he left office. The SCIF was used for communications with the White House Situation Room and Pentagon. The Mar-a-Lago Crowd, an informal group organized by President Trump which oversaw many of the activities of the Department of Veterans Affairs during the Trump administration, frequently met at the club.</p><br>
<h4>Notable presidential visits</h4><br>
<p>Donald Trump&#39;s first visit to Mar-a-Lago as president of the United States took place on the weekend of February 3–6, 2017. On Saturday, he hosted the Diamond Red Cross Ball at the Mar-a-Lago Club, and on Sunday he watched Super Bowl LI at Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach.</p><br>
<p>On the weekend of February 10–12, 2017, President Trump and his wife Melania hosted Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe and his wife. This was the first use of Mar-a-Lago to entertain an international leader, traditionally performed at the White House. On this weekend one of President Trump&#39;s first international security crises happened, a North Korean missile launch. Trump and Abe conferred in full view of the other diners.</p><br>
<p>During the third weekend visit to Mar-a-Lago on February 17–20, President Trump conducted a campaign rally at the Melbourne Orlando International Airport. successor on February 20, 2017.</p><br>
<p>After President Trump&#39;s fourth weekend visit on March 3–5, 2017, questions were raised about the access his paying club members have to him and his entourage. A number of Democratic senators asked the President to release visitor logs of Mar-a-Lago and as well as a list of the members of the private club. Subsequently, the "Mar-a-Lago Act" was introduced, legislation requiring publication of logs of visitors at the White House and other places where the president conducts business. After a lawsuit was filed, a judge ordered, in July 2017, that these logs be released in September.</p><br>
<p>President Trumps fifth presidential visit took place on March 17–18. Guests included Melanias parents, Viktor and Amalija Knavs.</p><br>
<p>During his next visit April 6–9, President Trump hosted the Chinese president Xi Jinping for the first two days. At Mar-a-Lago, the decision to strike a Syrian airfield was made. The following Easter weekend was also spent with family members at Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>On April 4, 2017, prior to Xis visit, ShareAmerica, a website run by the USA Department of States Bureau of International Information Programs, published a blog post describing Mar-a-Lagos history. On April 5, 2017, the USA embassy in the United Kingdoms website shared snippets of the original blog post on its own blog, and the USA embassy in Albania&#39;s Facebook page shared the original post. On April 24, 2017, Democratic senator Ron Wyden, House minority leader Nancy Pelosi, and ethics observers like former ambassador Norman Eisen, questioned the use of official government resources promoting a private property owned by Trump. By April 25, 2017, ShareAmerica and both USA embassies in the United Kingdom and Albania removed their respective posts. ShareAmerica, replaced their post with the following statement, "The intention of the article was to inform the public about where the president has been hosting world leaders. We regret any misperception and have removed the post."</p><br>
<p>In November 2017, President Trump returned to Mar-a-Lago for a Thanksgiving celebration, and one month later he returned for his tenth presidential visit during his Christmas vacation.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, President Trump visited Mar-a-Lago eight times prior to the seasonal closing in May. During this time he had a summit meeting with Shinzō Abe on April 17–18.</p><br>
<p>In November 2018, President Trump returned to Mar-a-Lago for Thanksgiving. One month later, President Trump canceled his planned Christmas vacation in Mar-a-Lago following the federal government shutdown. In November 2019, he returned to Mar-a-Lago for Thanksgiving, and a month later returned for Christmas.</p><br>
<p>On March 7, 2020, President Trump hosted Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro for a working dinner, where the two leaders discussed the USA-led effort to oust Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro, a future trade deal, and peace for the Middle East. Also at the dinner was Bolsonaro&#39;s press secretary, whose wife informed others on social media on March 11, 2020, that he had tested positive for COVID-19 after he had returned from the United States via Miami to Brazil. Others attending the dinner included Vice President Mike Pence, Ivanka Trump, and Jared Kushner.</p><br>
<h4>Security zone</h4><br>
<p>When President Trump was in residence as president, the Palm Beach region became a zone of temporary flight restrictions affecting flights and air operations severely within a 30 nautical mile (55.56 km) radius. Coast Guard and Secret Service secured the two waterway approaches, ocean and lake, and Secret Service cordoned off streets to Mar-a-Lago during the president&#39;s visits. The Coast Guard also attached an elite Maritime Safety and Security Team with unique capabilities that specialized in maritime security. By the third weekend in February 2017, nearby Palm Beach County Park Airport (Lantana Airport) had been shut down for three consecutive weekends, accumulating significant financial losses for multiple businesses.</p><br>
<h3>Between Trump presidencies</h3><br>
<p>At the end of his term, Trump went to live at Mar-a-Lago and established an office as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.</p><br>
<p>Mar-a-Lago was the location of watch parties for Trump and close allies for the 2022 United States elections on November 8, 2022 and for Super Tuesday on March 5, 2024. During his 2024 presidential campaign, Trump hosted Benjamin Netanyahu at Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<h4>Storage of classified records</h4><br>
<p>Upon departing the White House in January 2021, Trump transported a large volume of presidential records to Mar-a-Lago, despite storage of such materials being subject to the Presidential Records Act. Seeking to preserve presidential communications and correspondence with world leaders, the National Archives and Records Administration arranged to retrieve 15 boxes of material from Mar-a-Lago in January 2022. These included documents clearly marked as classified, prompting the Department of Justice to restrict any details regarding the contents of the 15 boxes.</p><br>
<p>On May 11, 2022, the Justice Department sent Trump a grand jury subpoena, requesting any additional documents marked classified. A later subpoena requested surveillance footage from the club. On August 8, 2022, FBI agents presented a search warrant and searched Trumps residence at Mar-a-Lago, part of the continuing investigation into the potential mishandling of classified documents. The Secret Service "facilitated access" for the FBI, and one of Trumps lawyers was present for the search.</p><br>
<h3>Second Trump presidency</h3><br>
<p>Trump was at Mar-a-Lago on the night of the 2024 United States presidential election. While Trump&#39;s official watch party was hosted at Palm Beach County Convention Center, where Trump delivered his victory speech, Trump hosted a more exclusive watch party and several private dinners at Mar-a-Lago during election night. Attendees at the event included his extended family, close friends and members of the Mar-a-Lago club. Elon Musk, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Dana White and Vivek Ramaswamy were all at the Mar-a-Lago events, as well as foreign political figures such as Nigel Farage and Eduardo Bolsonaro.</p><br>
<p>Following his election to a second term as President of the United States, Mar-a-Lago became the base for the second presidential transition of Donald Trump as the president-elect made decisions on the nomination of people for his upcoming administration.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style, layout, and materials</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally, the resort is in Spanish Revival style. The house is a mediterranean-style villa, an adaptation of Hispano-Moresque which was popular in Palm Beach at the time. It has a two-story central block with family quarters and service areas in lower subsidiary wings and buildings. This arrangement was chosen by Mrs. Post to keep the main house from appearing too massive and to separate the family and service areas from those used for entertaining. The house is topped by a seventy-five foot, tile-roofed tower containing bedrooms, baths, and an observation deck commanding an extensive view of Palm Beach.</p><br>
<p>Among the imported materials used were three boatloads of Doria stone from Genoa visible in the exterior wall facing, some interior structures, arches, and the Barwig sculptures. This fossil-bearing limestone was chosen for its quality of rapid aging and its suitability for intricate carving. Approximately 20,000 roofing tiles and 2,200 black and white marble floor blocks came from a Cuban castle. Of particular interest are the antique Spanish tiles used lavishly in the entrance hall, patio, cloisters, and some rooms; a collection of nearly 36,000 15th century tiles that had been assembled in the 1880s by Mrs. Horace Havermeyer. This collection is possibly one of the largest in the world.</p><br>
<p>The house has 58 bedrooms, 33 bathrooms, a 29 ft pietra dura marble-top dining table, 12 fireplaces, and three bomb shelters.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, members of the American Institute of Architects&#39; Florida chapter ranked Mar-a-Lago fifth on the Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places list.</p><br>
<h2>The Mar-a-Lago Club</h2><br>
<p>The primary business occupying the estate is the Mar-a-Lago Club, which opened in 1994 and operates as resort and hotel for dues-paying members, and rents out estate venues for private events. Operating the mansion as a club in this way, while continuing to live on the premises, allows Trump to significantly reduce his tax bill, by identifying a range of items used to maintain the mansion and his lifestyle as being legitimate business expenses.</p><br>
<p>Membership at the Mar-a-Lago Club required a $200,000 initiation fee. In 2012, reportedly in response to reduced demand following the Bernie Madoff scandal which affected many affluent Palm Beach residents, the fee was lowered to $100,000. The fee returned to $200,000 in January 2017 after Trump was elected president, with $14,000 annual dues. Overnight guests paid up to $2,000 a night.</p><br>
<p>The membership list of Mar-a-Lago has long been shrouded in secrecy. The 2020 book The Grifters Club had access to old membership records from the club, which confirmed that Jeffrey Epstein had been a member until 2007, and reveals that he was expelled "after Epstein harassed the daughter of a member", according to another Mar-a-Lago member. The book alleges that the girl was a teenager at the time, and confirms that Epstein is listed in club membership records as "Account closed 10/07", in contrast to cases of members resignations, where "Resigned" is normally noted.</p><br>
<p>As of January 2017, the club was nearly at its maximum capacity of 500 paying members and was admitting twenty to forty new members a year. Members as of 2017 include oil executive Bill Koch, financier Thomas Peterffy, New Jersey Democratic Party leader George Norcross, lobbyist Kenneth Duberstein, real estate developers Bruce E. Toll and Richard LeFrak, media executive Christopher Ruddy, talk show host Howie Carr, talk show host Michael Savage&#39;s wife, and NFL coach Bill Belichick.</p><br>
<p>In February 2017 it was reported that Trump was considering at least three club members for ambassadorships.</p><br>
<p>In protest against Trump&#39;s remarks on the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, six nonprofit organizations canceled scheduled gala events at the club. The charities canceling included the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society.</p><br>
<p>The club has been frequently cited for health code violations. In January 2017, Florida inspectors noted 15 infractions that included unsafe seafood, insufficiently refrigerated meats, rusty shelving, and cooks without hairnets. However, according to Florida department of Business and Professional Regulation spokesman, Stephen Lawson, "The infractions were corrected on site, and the establishment was immediately brought into compliance."</p><br>
<p>On March 30, 2019, Yujing Zhang, a Chinese national, was arrested and charged with unlawful entry to the premises and making false statements to federal law enforcement officials. Chinese nationals were also arrested for trespassing at Mar-a-Lago in December 2019. Chinese national Zijie Li attempted to enter the property at least 3 times in 2024.</p><br>
<p>In August 2022, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that a Ukrainian-born Russian speaker who used a fake name and claimed to be a Rothschild family heiress had frequented the residence over a year&#39;s time, even posing there for photos with Trump and Senator Lindsey Graham.</p><br>
<h2>Legal issues</h2><br>
<h3>Hurricane insurance claim</h3><br>
<p>Trump received a $17 million insurance payment for hurricane damage to Mar-a-Lago after the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, for damage to the "landscaping, roofing, walls, painting, leaks, artwork in the tapestries, tiles, Spanish tiles, the beach, the erosion", as he described. Anthony Senecal, a former mayor and Trump&#39;s former butler at the resort and later its "in-house historian" said some trees behind the resort had been flattened and some roof tiles were lost, but "That house has never been seriously damaged. I was there for all."</p><br>
<h3>American flag litigation</h3><br>
<p>On October 3, 2006, Trump raised a 20 by American flag on an 80 ft flagpole at Mar-a-Lago. Town zoning officials asked Trump to adhere to town zoning codes that limit flagpoles to a height of 42 ft. This dispute led the town council of Palm Beach to charge Trump $1,250 for every day the flag stayed up. Trump filed a lawsuit against the Town of Palm Beach. He eventually dropped his lawsuit over the flag, and in exchange the town waived its fines. As part of a court-ordered mediation, Trump was allowed to file for a permit and keep a pole that was both 10 ft shorter than the original pole and located on a different spot on his lawn. The agreement also required him to donate $100,000 to veterans&#39; charities, and resulted in a change to town ordinances allowing out-of-town club members.</p><br>
<h3>Discrimination lawsuit</h3><br>
<p>In 1993, Trump and the city of Palm Beach signed an agreement that allowed Trump to turn the residence into a private club. In November 1996, Trump asked the Palm Beach council to lift the restrictions contained in the agreement that limited media photography, filmmaking, land sales, membership, and traffic at the club, and prevented him from applying for tax exemptions on the property for three years. The council denied the request. According to Vanity Fair, before the meeting "Trump and his attorney had already implied that he and his club had been discriminated against because many of its members were Jewish, and, worse, that the council members who had placed the conditions on him had not placed those restrictions on their own clubs." In December 1997, Trump filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida alleging that the town discriminated against him and his club because the club accepted Jewish and African-American members and because town officials had financial stakes in competing clubs.</p><br>
<h3>Aviation litigation</h3><br>
<p>Trump has repeatedly filed lawsuits against Palm Beach County over aircraft going to and from Palm Beach International Airport (PBI) allegedly affecting Mar-a-Lago.</p><br>
<p>Trump first filed such a lawsuit in 1995; that action was settled in 1996, with the county agreeing to collaborate with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and to change flight patterns so the noisiest jet aircraft flew over a wider area. As part of the settlement, Trump leased 215 acres from the county, on which he built the 18-hole Trump International Golf Club. In July 2010, Trump filed another lawsuit aiming to stop the airport from constructing a second commercial runway. That suit was dismissed.</p><br>
<p>Trump filed a third suit against the county in January 2015, seeking $100 million in damages for "creating an unreasonable amount of noise, emissions and pollutants at Mar-a-Lago".</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, a Florida Circuit Court judge ruled against most of Trump&#39;s arguments, dismissing four of the six claims and allowing the others to proceed.</p><br>
<h3>Use as a Trump residence</h3><br>
<p>In September 2019, Mar-a-Lago became the primary residence for Donald and Melania Trump, who previously held primary residence in New York City. The legality of this was disputed because, in 1993, Trump signed a "use agreement" with the town of Palm Beach, Florida, that changed Mar-a-Lago&#39;s designation from a single-family residence to a private club and specified that guests, including Trump, could not stay there more than three non-consecutive weeks per year.</p><br>
<p>In December 2020, neighbors of Mar-a-Lago delivered a demand letter to the town of Palm Beach, stating that the town should notify Trump that he cannot use the estate as his residence. In 2021, Palm Beachs attorney concluded that Palm Beachs zoning code allowed employees to reside at private clubs. He also stated that paperwork submitted by Trumps attorney confirmed that Trump was an employee whose duties include "overseeing the property, evaluating the performance of employees, suggesting improvements to the clubs operations, reviewing the club&#39;s financials, attending events, greeting guests and recommending candidates for membership".</p><br>
<h3>Appraisal discrepancy</h3><br>
<p>Palm Beach county assessors appraise the value of the property "based on Mar-a-Lagos annual net operating income as a club, not on its resale value as a home or on its reconstruction cost.". As part of the New York civil investigation of the Trump Organization, a New York court found that from 2011 to 2021 Mar-a-Lago was assessed by Palm Beach County as having a value from $18 million to $27.6 million, while at the same time Trumps financial statements valued it from $427 million to $627 million as part of an alleged scheme to both lower insurance premiums and to get favorable loan terms. Various real estate brokers suggested that the property was worth anywhere from $300 million to $1 billion.</p><br>
<p>The East San José Carnegie Branch Library is a Carnegie library in San Jose, California. It opened in 1908 and is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library. It is a part of the San José Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally the only library in East San Jose, built for $7,000 in 1907, the library joined the City of San Jose system when East San Jose was annexed by San Jose. The original building was renovated and added to in 1981. In 1990, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Another renovation of the branch, including a 10,000 ft&sup2; addition to the original historic structure, was begun on February 14, 2008. The ribbon-cutting ceremony for the newly reopened branch took place at 11:00am on August 29, 2009. The East San Jose Carnegie Library received LEED Silver certification and the 2010 Citation Award as a Distinguished Building in the adaptive re-use/renovation project category by the Santa Clara Valley Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>The Caleb Pusey House, built in 1683 near Chester Creek in Upland, Pennsylvania in the United States, is the oldest English-built house in Pennsylvania. It is the only remaining house that William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, is known to have visited. Caleb Pusey was a friend and business partner of Penn&#39;s. They came over together in 1682 along with prefabricated mills intended for grinding flour and cutting lumber. Pusey served as manager of the mills until his retirement in 1717.</p><br>
<p>Since about 1960, the building and grounds have been owned by the Friends of the Caleb Pusey House, Inc. The house was in very poor condition, but was restored and the property has since been operated as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Caleb Pusey</h2><br>
<p>Caleb Pusey was a Quaker last maker (a maker of wooden foot molds for cobblers) and a friend and business partner of William Penn, the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. A native of the parish of Lambourn, England, Pusey came to Pennsylvania from England in 1682 with his wife, Anne Worley, and her two sons from her first marriage, Francis and Henry. They traveled with Penn on his ship The Welcome, and brought with them prefabricated grist and saw mills which they planned to erect in the province and Pusey was to be the manager. Many of the passengers were Quakers who were leaving to escape religious persecution. Anne&#39;s first husband died while in prison for refusal to attend the Church of England.</p><br>
<p>The voyage of the Welcome was tragic; there was small pox aboard and 30 of the 100 passengers died. Pusey had 250 acres of land, sold and deeded to him by Penn, which he would use to cultivate crops, 100 acres of which was adjacent to Chester Creek, near the intended site for the mill. It was near the small Swedish settlement of Upland. Pusey&#39;s land was called the Landingford Plantation.</p><br>
<p>Pusey served in many official positions at various times. These include Chester County Sheriff, Pennsylvania assemblyman for Chester County, Chester County Tax Collector, and justice of the provincial supreme court. He was also involved with the local Quaker community, and wrote a number of pamphlets, several in defense of William Penn. Pusey retired in 1717, and the Pusey family moved to Marlborough Township, near present day Longwood Gardens, where he died in 1727.</p><br>
<p>The name Pusey actually refers to a village that was formerly part of Berkshire County, England. It became common practice, in Puseys time and earlier, to use the place of family origin as a surname. Calebs father and grandfather both wrote "alias Pusey" following their names when they signed their wills, indicating that they had adopted that name.</p><br>
<h2>Caleb Pusey House</h2><br>
<p>There was not much time between their arrival in 1682 and the onset of winter, and they were only able to complete the construction of a pit-house, which they used as a residence. The pit house was half below ground and half above ground, and was similar to ones built elsewhere in the area. It was common at that time to refer to such a dwelling as a "cave." Pusey&#39;s cave had a fireplace, a wooden floor, and one or two small windows. In 1683 the main above-ground house was built using native stone. It was attached to the pit-house, which then became the east wing of the house and came to be used as a workshop. The initial construction of the main house consisted of a single room which had a large attic or loft that was used for storage and sleeping and had a gable roof. There was a fireplace in the western wall which contained a large brick baking oven.</p><br>
<p>At a later (unknown) date, another room was constructed which shared that western wall, so that the chimney was then in the center of the house. The new room is known as the west room, the original above ground room is known as the east room, and the pit-house room is referred to as the east wing.</p><br>
<p>The west room encloses a well which was previously outside. It also contains a large iron basin called a stand-kettle on the back side of the east room&#39;s fireplace. The stand-kettle can be heated from below with a fire, so that it can be used for various purposes such as heating water and scalding poultry. There is a small access door on the front of the house to the space below the stand-kettle where the fire is set. The west room is similar in size to the east room and they initially shared a common roof. The west room did not have its own fireplace.</p><br>
<p>A couple of theories were put forth regarding time of construction of the west room. There are records from a Quaker friends meeting at the house in 1696, in which men and women were in two separate rooms, suggesting that the west room was in existence at that time. (This argument seems to assume that the pit-house/east wing could not have been the second room.) It&#39;s also been suggested that the west room construction was necessitated by the destruction of the east wing in a fire, which likely happened in or after 1723, when Pusey no longer lived there.</p><br>
<p>After Pusey left in 1717, the Landingford property was owned by a succession of people, including industrialist John Price Crozer. The house was privately owned and occupied until roughly 1950.</p><br>
<p>Around 1752, The roof of the east room was changed from a gable roof to a gambrel roof.</p><br>
<p>The purpose was to increase the usable attic space to accommodate more storage and sleeping space.</p><br>
<p>The change in roof style can be seen as a line in the brickwork on the east wall of the house. The chimney of the main house was destroyed in a fire. The date is unknown and it&#39;s not clear if this was a different fire than the one that destroyed the east wing. The chimney was rebuilt at the back of the house, rather than the center, and used by two corner fireplaces, one in each room. The house was divided at this time and used by two families. The attic regions were also separate and were accessed by separate spiral staircases. The baking oven was moved outside, as it was considered a fire hazard. The chimney and fireplace were later returned to their original forms and locations during restoration of the house in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The house can be found at 15 Race Street, Upland, Pennsylvania, and is one of the oldest houses in the state. Viewed from Race Street, which runs past the front of the house, the original east room is on the right and the west room is on the left. The partially below-ground east wing was not restored, but would have been found to the right of the east room.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Between 1962 and 1970, archaeological excavations were conducted at the Caleb Pusey House. It was discovered early on that there used to be a cellar below the east room of the house which had been filled in and forgotten, probably in 1899 (see foundation drawing).</p><br>
<p>This was fortunate from an archaeological perspective because the fill that was used was from a refuse pile containing a vast trove of artifacts that had been discarded over a period of many years. It contained numerous coins, broken pottery and other items of interest. It is thought that this was done because the rear wall was being forced inwards from the force earth behind it and so by filling in the cellar the owners hoped to prevent this problem from getting worse over time. The cellar was completely excavated and is currently (Oct 2023) empty except for a sump pump.</p><br>
<p>It is accessed via a spiral staircase, the lower part of which is stone and original. The stairs are accessed through a door in the floor at the north east corner of the east room.</p><br>
<p>Another discovery was the buried remains of the cave (or east wing) just to the east of the east room. It extended significantly further in the front than the other rooms and was accessed by a separate entrance with a stairway of 5 or 6 steps going down to the floor which was below ground. In the foundation plan, the steps are in the alcove in the front wall of the east wing, and the fireplace was in the alcove at the right rear. After construction of the main house, this below-ground room came to be used as a workshop for various projects. It was eventually destroyed by a fire and its chimney also collapsed at that time. After this, the pit was filled in so that the remnants of the room were all completely buried and soon forgotten.</p><br>
<p>A coin minted in 1723 was found during the excavation, indicating that the fire likely occurred after that date. Caleb was no longer living there at that time. Also found were glass panes that were lined in lead. Since all lead was collected during the revolutionary war for making bullets, this would suggest that the destruction of the east wing occurred between 1723 and 1776. It has been suggested (though not proven) that the fire was caused by a small copper still, the remains of which were found beneath the collapsed chimney. Presumably either the still itself exploded due to a blockage or ethanol vapors were produced which filled the room and then exploded. If sufficiently violent, such an explosion could have been responsible for the chimney collapse and also the deformation of the eastern wall of the main house. It was decided not to restore the cave, but instead to mark the outline with a low stone wall. The enclosed space has sometimes been used as a garden.</p><br>
<p>A filled in well was found inside the west room. The fill was carefully removed and the well restored. A newly minted coin from 1699 was found at the bottom, possibly dropped or thrown in by William Penn who returned from England in that year and visited with Pusey in December.</p><br>
<p>A cooling cellar was discovered in front of the west end of the house. It had been abandoned and filled in, probably sometime during the 1700s. It&#39;s labeled "west wing" on the foundation plan.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts were found from the entire time period that the house was occupied, although a large proportion were from 1752 to 1786. Artifacts include portions of dolls, doll dishes, various lead toys, hand made dominoes, marbles, ceramic material, earthenware, coins, pewter items, brass items, silver items, iron pulley wheel from the well, milk pan, pots, pitchers, knives, and a very large number of pipe stem and bowl fragments.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>By 1960 the house was in a terrible state of repair and possibly in danger of collapse. Funding was sought in order to do a full restoration of the property, much by private donations and matching funds from the government. The property, including the Crozer Schoolhouse next door, was acquired by the Friends of the Caleb Pusey House, Inc. Restoration was carried out in the 1960s, immediately following the archaeological excavations. Restoration included strengthening the walls, rebuilding the chimney, fireplace, and oven in their original locations at the center of the house, replacing the roof with the dormer window removed, and painting the interior walls. The restored house is said to be 85% original. Period English furniture and other items were added to the house to show how it might have looked when Pusey and his family lived there. A corner cupboard that belonged to Pusey and may have been a gift upon his retirement in 1717, was placed in the north west corner of the west room.</p><br>
<p>Bricks have been interspersed randomly through the construction, probably replacing missing stones. The loft now has a door on the east end which has to be accessed by ladder on the outside of the house as there currently is no interior stairway.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Chester Mills</h2><br>
<p>The mills were assembled in 1683 on Chester Creek and were the first proprietary grist mill and sawmill in the province. They were located about 40 rods (1/8 mile) upstream from the house. They were operated successfully at this site until the great flood of 1687 when the mills and their dam were swept away. Efforts were immediately started to replace them. This work was completed, probably by 1689, at a new site that was slightly upstream from the original mills. Unfortunately, the new dam was subsequently destroyed by a "great freshet" (flood), although the mills apparently survived. (Note another source says the original mills and dam were lost in 1683 and the second dam was lost in 1687.) It was decided as a result to build a new dam about a mile upstream, below a tributary known as Baldwins run, and send the water down to the mills in a mill race or canal. The race is shown on Samuel Lightfoots 1730 map, which also shows the Pusey house, Chester Creek, and the mills.</p><br>
<p>(On current maps, Baldwins Run enters Chester Creek near the west end of Worrilow Rd. on the opposite side of the creek.) Land was purchased for this purpose from Thomas Brassey and William Woodmansey (Woodmansey is parcel #86 on the 1687 map). The completed dam was at a site previously used for fording the river, and the top of the dam henceforth became part of the Kings Highway. As a result, a lot of travelers passed by the Pusey house, often stopping to visit. This arrangement was successful for a while, but by 1693 the mills had greatly deteriorated and Pusey was persuaded to donate 5 acres of his plantation for the construction of a new mill. This site was slightly downstream from Puseys house and the race was extended to reach it (see 1730 map).</p><br>
<p>On current maps, the site was near the southern end of Upland Ave. in Upland, PA. The river makes a sharp right angle bend to the left at the mill site, which is shown on the 1730 map can also be found on current maps. The location of the house is marked on the 1730 map; it&#39;s just above the mill race and below the word "plantation." Note that the creek and the mill race flow from left to right on the map (approximately west to east). The earlier mill locations are not marked but can be assumed to be in the indicated mill lands upstream from the house. The race has been filled in and is no longer visible. On current maps, the race travelled along the south side of Race Street, while the house is on the north side. The mills were operated for many years at this third and final site. In 1708, a fulling and dyeing mill was added for the processing of wool. The mills burned down in 1858.</p><br>
<h2>Weather vane</h2><br>
<p>A now famous historic weather vane once sat atop of the Chester Mills, bearing the initials of the three men who owned and operated the mills in 1699. Henry Graham Ashmead, in his 1884 book on Delaware County history states: "Doubtless when repairs were made to the mill, in 1699, the rude iron vane bearing the initials W. P. (William Penn), S. C. (Samuel Carpenter), C. P. (Caleb Pusey), and the date, 1699, was placed on the building. When Richard Flower owned the property the old vane surmounted the dwelling-house of the owner, but on gusty nights, turning in the wind, it squeaked and groaned so noisily that it was taken down. In 1870, Reese W. Flower presented it to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania..."</p><br>
<h2>Crozer Schoolhouse</h2><br>
<p>Also located on the property, just to the left of the Pusey House, is the Crozer Schoolhouse, which was built in 1849 by John Price Crozer for the children of millworkers at his factory. The upstairs later became a repository for thousands of artifacts that were dug up on the property by archaeologists. The downstairs is currently set up as a school room and also has some displays showing off a few of the artifacts. Crozer also built the Upland Baptist Church and millworker housing in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Pennock Log House</h2><br>
<p>The Pennock Log House, which was built by a descendant of Pusey&#39;s in 1790, was originally located in Springfield Township. In 1965 it was disassembled and moved to a site across the street from the Caleb Pusey House by the Friends of The Caleb Pusey House. It unfortunately developed some serious structural problems causing one of the walls to collapse and it had to be demolished and removed in or about 2021.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox Manor is a former plantation house in Hopewell, Virginia, United States. It is best known as the Union headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864–65.</p><br>
<p>The restored manor house on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the James River and Appomattox River, and the grounds are managed by the National Park Service. The museum there, Grant&#39;s Headquarters at City Point Museum, is a unit of the Petersburg National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<h2>Before the war</h2><br>
<p>The Eppes family home was a century old by the time Union forces occupied the site in 1864. It had been built on a large tract of land acquired by Captain Francis Eppes in 1635 and by the time of the American Civil War it was the center of a plantation covering more than 2,300 acres (9.3 km).</p><br>
<h2>The war years</h2><br>
<p>In 1861 Appomattox Plantation was owned by Dr. Richard Eppes. Though he owned three plantations and nearly 130 slaves, Dr. Eppes was not a strong secessionist. Yet when Virginia cast her lot with the South he took up arms by joining a local cavalry unit. He soon left the army to become a contract surgeon at a Confederate hospital in Petersburg. The Eppes family remained at their home until 1862 when the arrival of Union gunboats on the James River forced them to flee their home for the safety of Petersburg. Soon thereafter nearly all of their slaves left with those Union forces. When the war came to Petersburg two years later Mrs. Eppes and the children fled again, this time to her mother&#39;s home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox Plantation was used as the offices of USA Quartermaster Rufus Ingalls and his staff during the siege. City Point was a port on the James River. During the last years of the Civil War, from the port there, the City Point Railroad was used to support the Union forces during the Siege of Petersburg 1864–65. The successful capture of Petersburg and its network of railroads was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital city of Richmond, ending the war less than a week later.</p><br>
<p>After the surrender, when Dr. Eppes returned he found his house in near ruin and his plantation nearly destroyed. Not until March 1866 with the last Union regiments gone and the property back in his name did his wife and children return home to pick up the pieces and start anew.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The manor house and surrounding land was donated to the National Park Service by the Eppes family. It is located in the City Point Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was a research institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that became part of Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded in 1913 by Andrew Mellon and Richard B. Mellon as part of the University of Pittsburgh, and was originally located in Allen Hall. After becoming an independent research center and moving to a new building on Fifth Avenue in 1937, the Mellon Institute merged with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1967 to form Carnegie Mellon University. While it ceased to exist as a distinct institution, the landmark building bearing its name remains located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bellefield Avenue in Oakland, the citys university district. It is sited adjacent to The Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute  and the University of Pittsburghs Bellefield Hall and is across Bellefield Avenue from two other local landmarks: the University of Pittsburgh&#39;s Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Cathedral of Learning.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architect Benno Janssen (1874&ndash;1964), the Mellon Institute building has neo-classical architecture and elegant construction, with its signature monolithic limestone columns (the largest monolithic columns in the world). Andrew Mellon, who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury, specified to Janssen a building with a monumental ionic colonnade similar to the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. The proportions of the Mellon Institute&#39;s street facades are nearly those of the long lateral facade of the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Mellon Institute building was completed and dedicated posthumously to the Mellon brothers in May 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Mellon Institute building houses the Office of the Dean for Carnegie Mellon University&#39;s Mellon College of Science, as well as the administrative offices and research laboratories for the Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry. From 1986 until 2006, it also housed the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was first established as the Department of Industrial Research at the University of Pittsburgh. It conducted research for firms on a contractual basis; a company would contract the institute to solve a specific problem, and the institute would then hire an appropriate scientist to do the research. The results of the research then became the property of the contracting company.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the institute was incorporated as a nonprofit, independent research center and planning for a new Mellon Institute building began that same year. When completed in 1937, the institute moved into its new building which sat directly across from the newly completed Cathedral of Learning, and handed its original facility, now known as Allen Hall, back to the University of Pittsburgh. The original design called for two more pillars than architect Janssen decided on. The two extra pillars were buried in the large lawn beside the Cathedral of Learning. The pillars are set to be unburied in 2014 as a new pipe system is installed in the basement of the Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, declining use of independent research institutes for the outsourcing of corporate industrial research led Mellon Institute to merge with the Carnegie Institute of Technology to form Carnegie Mellon University. The "Carnegie Institute of Technology" name was retained to refer to the engineering portion of Carnegie Mellon&#39;s "College of Engineering and Science".</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the American Chemical Society recognized the Mellon Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark for its contributions to industrial research and training from its inception in 1913 until its merger with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Researchers at the Mellon Institute had contributed more than 4,700 papers, 1,600 patents, and other research products, including George O. Curme, Jr.&#39;s discovery of a method for producing acetylene from petroleum that resulted in the production of ethylene and research in organosilicones and the resulting establishment of the Dow Corning Corporation.</p><br>
<p>For decades, the columns of the Mellon Institute building have served as a popular background for photographers shooting Pittsburgh wedding parties.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional portrayals</h2><br>
<p>Exterior shots of the Mellon Institute were used to portray the fictitious Tanner Museum in the series premiere of the short-lived 2006 CBS television drama Smith starring Ray Liotta and Amy Smart.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 film Citizen Cohn starring James Woods used the exterior to depict 1960s-era Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>The 1992 film Hoffa starring Danny DeVito and Jack Nicholson filmed on location to depict Federal Courthouses and other government buildings.</p><br>
<p>The 1992 film Lorenzo&#39;s Oil shows an interior shot of a lecture hall in Mellon Institute.</p><br>
<p>The 2002 film The Mothman Prophecies starring Richard Gere depicted the building as a fictional institute for paranormal studies in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises starring Christian Bale filmed on location to depict "Gotham City Hall".</p><br>
<p>Shirley Plantation is an estate on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. It is located on scenic byway State Route 5, between Richmond and Williamsburg. It is the oldest active plantation in Virginia, settled in 1613 and is also the oldest family-owned business in North America, when it was acquired by the Hill family, with operations starting in 1638. White indentured servants were initially used as the main labor force until the early 1700s, when black slavery became the primary source of Virginian labor.</p><br>
<p>It used about 70 to 90 African slaves at a time for plowing the fields, cleaning, childcare, and cooking. It was added to the National Register in 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. After the acquisition, rebranding, and merger of Tuttle Farm in Dover, New Hampshire, Shirley Plantation received the title of the oldest business continuously operating in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Shirley Plantation were first settled by Europeans in 1613 by Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr and were named West and Sherley Hundred, probably because this Lord Delaware&#39;s wife Cessalye was the daughter of Sir Thomas Sherley (variant spellings being common at the time). Several years later, John Rolfe wrote A True Relation of the State of Virginia left by Sir Thomas Dale Knight in May last 1616. He named it one of six European settlements in the colony and noted that Captain Isaac Maddeson commanded 25 laborers and farmers. It survived the native American uprising of March 22, 1622 relatively unscathed, and became the westernmost settlement on the north side of the James River for a while. The tobacco was shipped within the colonies and to England. A report in 1623 found the West and Sherlow Hundred had 45 men, women, and children, with an additional 24 (including Francis West) at the "Iland" (modern Eppes Island in the James River, visible from the manor house).</p><br>
<p>In 1638, Edward Hill acquired part of this land, thus beginning the occupation by the Hill family, understood to be the same family as Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton, publisher of the Geneva Bible.</p><br>
<p>Edward Hills original 450 acre plot was expanded by marriage and gradual land acquisition. In 1660, Hill patented 2,476 acre in Charles City County, including the 416 acre island. When he died several years later, the land passed to Edward Hill II, who continued as owner during Bacons Rebellion in 1676. One of these men built the Hill House, the first mansion at Shirley, which was torn down. The younger Hill sided with Governor William Berkeley, and Bacons rebels plundered the property, perhaps in part because the Kings commissioners who later examined the rebellion found him to be "the most hated man of all the county where he lived". Hill was also the subject of the "Charles City Grievances" of May 10, 1677, which accused him of misappropriating county taxes for his own use.</p><br>
<p>His son Edward Hill III inherited the property in 1700 and continued its plantation economy. However, Edward Hill III&#39;s only son, Edward Hill IV, died at 16 of consumption, leaving no male heirs and only three sisters. Edward Hill III died in 1726, and his will bequeathed Shirley plantation to his youngest daughter, Elizabeth, who had married John Carter (eldest son of Robert "King" Carter) in October 1723. When he died in 1742, his widow remarried Bowler Cocke, who represented nearby Henrico County and helped raise the heir, future burgess, and patriot Charles Hill Carter (1732–1806).</p><br>
<p>The construction of the present mansion and outbuildings began. The mansion, called the "Great House", was completed in 1738 and was located close to the original house built by the Hills that became known as the "Hill House". In 1868, owners signed a contract to demolish the Hill House and use its salvaged building materials to construct the mansion at Upper Shirley.</p><br>
<p>At least eight generations of the Hill Carter family have occupied the house since 1738. Anne Hill Carter was born at Shirley, who on June 18, 1793, married Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee in the mansion&#39;s parlor. The couple were later parents of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.</p><br>
<p>The plantation used enslaved people to cultivate cash crops, particularly after the mid-17th century when the flow of indentured servants from England became very few. According to the first Virginia tax census following the American Revolutionary War, in 1787, Charles Hill Carter owned 67 enslaved people above age 16 at Shirley Plantation and another 67 younger enslaved people, along with 16 horses and 70 cattle; and he owned another 16 enslaved adults and 22 enslaved children and additional livestock at his Long Bridge plantation in the same county. In the 19th century, an annual staff of between 70 and 90 enslaved Africans were forced to labor on the plantation, including plowing the fields, cleaning, and cooking.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, Charles Hill Carters son and heir, Hill Carter, was forced to retire and divide his estate after he lost the free labor of enslaved people, with the bulk of the estate (the current Shirley Plantation) bequeathed to his son, Robert, and the Upper Shirley&#39; portion bequeathed to William Fitzhugh Carter. Upper Shirley is now home to Upper Shirley Vineyards.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register in 1969 and recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1970. In mid-1979 and mid-1980, teams of archaeologists from the College of William and Mary excavated the site of Hill house, the slave quarters constructed, and indigenous settlements predating European colonization. The upper floors are occupied by members of the eleventh generation of the Hill Carter family, while the bottom floor is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story "Great House" is constructed in the Georgian style with red brick walls and white trim boards on a square foundation. The house has no actual front door, as both the riverside and courtyard side entrances have a two-story portico with Doric columns supporting a pediment. The entrance is in the center, framed by a pair of long rectangular windows on either side. Inside the main hall, the house&#39;s famous carved walnut "floating" or "flying" cantilevered staircase rises for three stories without visible means of support and is the only one of its kind in America. The hipped roof rests on an entablature containing dentil moldings. Dormers and two large brick chimneys break up the roof. In the center of the roof is a white pedestal supporting an overturned pineapple.</p><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by several support buildings, including a two-story kitchen with living quarters for the enslaved Africans, a two-story laundry with living quarters, a smokehouse, a stable building, an ice house, a large storehouse, and a dovecote.</p><br>
<p>Westover Plantation is a historic colonial tidewater plantation located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. Established in c. 1730–1750, it is the homestead of the Byrd family of Virginia. State Route 5, a scenic byway, runs east–west to the north of the plantation, connecting the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>The plantation has been designated as a National Historic Landmark in the United States, cited for the architectural quality of its early Georgian mansion house and the history of its influential family. In the early years of the Virginia colony, the plantation was one of the sites of the courts of Charles City County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sir John Pawlett, by deeds of lease and release, demised most of Westover Plantation in 1665 to Theodorick Bland of Westover for £170. Bland lived on the property until his death in 1671 and was buried in the chancel of the original Westover Church, which he helped build. His eldest son, Theodorick, inherited the land and joined with his brother, Richard, in its ownership. The brothers eventually conveyed 1,200 acres of the property to William Byrd I in 1688 for £300 and 10,000 pounds of tobacco and cask.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is notable for its 18th-century and later history. The mansion, Westover Plantation, was built in the Georgian style. It was considered the seat of the William Byrd family in Virginia. William Byrd II, the founder of Richmond, was thought to have built the mansion c. 1730. This date was part of the 1960 designation of the house as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>But, since the late 20th century, recent dendrochronologic testing on boards and planks in the house showed that they dated to the 1750s. The house was thus probably built and first occupied by William Byrd III, not his father. The revised construction date has been recognized by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Like the other plantations along the James River, Westover was first devoted to the cultivation of tobacco, the major commodity of colonial Tidewater Virginia. The Byrd family depended on the labor of hundreds of enslaved Africans, as tobacco was a labor-intensive crop. The original grounds included slave quarters. In addition to working as field hands, other slaves worked as domestic servants and skilled artisans of many types. Tobacco cultivation exhausted the soil and, pushed also by changes in markets, in the 19th century planters shifted to mixed crops, which were less labor-intensive. As development of the Deep South ensued, planters in the Upper South sold "excess" slaves in the domestic slave trade, which continued to the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Westover was used as headquarters of the Union Fifth Corps and one of the wings burned during this time. After the death of William Byrd IIIs widow in 1814, Westover was sold out of the Byrd family. Since then, Westover has had three subsequent owners, including lawyer John Armistead Selden (a member of the Selden family and the Lee family), whose detailed diaries of daily life at Westover remain in publication as a popular primary source on the economic and cultural history of nineteenth-century Virginian agriculture, and Confederate Army officer Augustus Harrison Drewry. Drewry, who is best known for commanding the gun batteries of Fort Darling during Battle of Drewrys Bluff in 1862, lived at Westover until his death in 1899 and made many changes; including rebuilding the burned wing, connecting the dependencies and enlarging the dining room so that it ran the depth of the house.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Westover was acquired by United States diplomat Richard Teller Crane, II, who restored the mansion and grounds. It has remained in the Crane family ever since. The site was damaged by Hurricane Isabel in 2003. Ten feet of riverbank, a 250-year-old road, and a 150-year-old poplar from the south lawn were eroded into the river during the storm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is noteworthy for its symmetry and balance of proportions, secret passages, mid pack gardens, front door, and its Georgian style (which was inspired by the Governor&#39;s Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia). The grounds and garden are open to the public from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily, and you can tour the mansion with an appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of Westover was used in the pilot episode of "The West Wing" as the home of fictional White House Chief of Staff Leo McGarry.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was a set location in every season of AMC&#39;s Revolutionary War drama series “Turn” (2014-2017). It was also featured in the HBO miniseries “John Adams” (2008) and, most recently, in the film “The Field of Lost Shoes" (2014).</p><br>
<p>The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. The ornate 30-story building, completed in 1928, is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn, and is designed in an Art Deco style, faced with limestone, granite, and several types of marble. The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors. It was designed to house office and retail space.</p><br>
<p>The building, which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre, was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29, 1989. It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools and the studios of radio stations WJR, WDVD, and WUFL.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially, architect Joseph Nathaniel French of Albert Kahn Associates planned for a complex of three buildings, with two 30-story structures flanking a 60-story tower. However, the Great Depression caused the project to be scaled back to a single tower.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher brothers located the building across from the General Motors Building (Cadillac Place), as General Motors had recently purchased the Fisher Body Company. The two massive buildings spurred the development of a New Center for the city, a business district north of its downtown area.</p><br>
<p>The buildings hipped roof was originally covered with gold leaf tiles, but during World War II these tiles were covered in asphalt because it was feared that the reflective surface would attract enemy bombers. After the war, the asphalt could not be removed from the gold tiles without harming them, so they were replaced with green tiles. Since the 1980s, these tiles have been illuminated at night with colored lights to give them a gold appearance. On St. Patricks Day, the lights are changed to green and, in recent years, to celebrate the NHL playoffs, the tower is illuminated with red lights in honor of the Detroit Red Wings.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Tri-Star Development purchased the Fisher Building and adjoining New Center Building for approximately $20 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, FK Acquisition LLC, a real estate firm based in Southfield, purchased the two buildings from TrizecHahn Corporation for $31 million. FK Acquisition LLC lost the buildings to its lender in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Detroit Public Schools (DPS) paid the owner of the Fisher Building $24.1 million to purchase five floors to house administrative offices, citing the high cost of renovations needed at the Maccabees Building, the previous headquarters, to comply with building and safety codes.</p><br>
<p>In July 2015, Southfield-based developer Redico LLC, in partnership with HFZ Capital Group of New York City and Peter Cummings of The Platform, a Detroit-based development company, taking advantage of the general decline in Detroit real estate values, purchased the Fisher Building and adjacent Albert Kahn Building, plus 2,000 parking spaces in two parking structures and three surface lots in New Center for only $12.2 million at auction. Redico said the partnership plans to transform the two buildings, which are connected by an underground pedestrian concourse, into what it called a "true urban" mixed-use development, with a mix of office, retail, residential and entertainment uses. The multi-year project has a potential cost of $70 million to $80 million in addition to the purchase price. The Redico interest was purchased by Cummings and his partner in The Platform, Dietrich Knoer, in 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, Michigan State University acquired 79% of the owner of the Fisher Building, which means MSU owns it.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Fisher Building rises 30 stories with a roof height of 428 ft, a top floor height of 339 ft, and the spire reaching 444 ft. The building has 21 elevators. Albert Kahn and Associates designed the building with Joseph Nathaniel French serving as chief architect. French took inspiration from Eliel Saarinens Tribune Tower design of 1922, seen in the emphasis on verticality and the stepped-back upper stories. The building is unlike any other Albert Kahn production. It has been called "Detroits largest art object".</p><br>
<p>In 1929, the Architectural League of New York honored the Fisher Building with a silver medal in architecture. The opulent three-story barrel vaulted lobby is constructed with forty different kinds of marble, decorated by Hungarian artist Géza Maróti, and is highly regarded by architects. The sculpture on the exterior of the building was supplied by several sculptors including Maróti, Corrado Parducci, Anthony De Lorenzo and Ulysses Ricci.</p><br>
<h2>Radio</h2><br>
<p>Designs called for two flagpoles atop the gilt roof. While they were installed, they were essentially unusable as a radio antenna was installed when one of the buildings oldest tenants, radio station WJR, leased space in December 1928. On-air hosts often mention that broadcasts originate "from the golden tower of the Fisher Building." This was a requirement of the stations original lease in exchange for a nominal rent. Two other radio stations, WDVD-FM (the former WJR-FM) and WUFL, also have broadcast studios in the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, building employees discovered a storage room sealed with tape. None of the staff knew what the room contained or why it was sealed. When they located the key, they found the flags of 75 nations that apparently were created in 1928 and intended to be flown for foreign visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Fisher Theatre</h2><br>
<p>The building is also home to the Fisher Theatre, one of Detroit&#39;s oldest live theatre venues. The theatre, designed by the Chicago-based architectural firm of Anker S. Graven & Arthur G. Mayger, originally featured a lavish Aztec-themed interior in the Mayan Revival style, and once had Mexican-Indian art, banana trees, and live macaws that its patrons could feed. After the Depression, the theatre operated primarily as a movie house until 1961. Originally containing 3,500 seats, the interior was renovated into a 2,089-seat playhouse that allowed for more spacious seating and lobbies for patrons at a cost of $3.5 million. The decor was changed to a simple mid-century design.</p><br>
<p>The Nederlander Organization opened the "new" Fisher Theatre on October 2, 1961 and operated it until April 2021 when it sold the venue to the Ambassador Theatre Group. It primarily features traveling productions of Broadway shows and has hosted numerous out-of-town tryouts.</p><br>
<p>Pre-Broadway Engagements at the Fisher:</p><br>
<p>1961: The Gay Life</p><br>
<p>1962: No Strings, Bravo Giovanni, Oliver!</p><br>
<p>1963: Sophie, Here&#39;s Love, Jennie, Hello, Dolly!</p><br>
<p>1964: Foxy, Fiddler on the Roof, Golden Boy, I Had a Ball</p><br>
<p>1965: Pleasures and Palaces, Pickwick, Skyscraper, Sweet Charity</p><br>
<p>1966: Pousse-Café, Walking Happy</p><br>
<p>1967: Illya Darling, Henry, Sweet Henry</p><br>
<p>1968: George M!, I&#39;m Solomon, Lovers and Other Strangers, Maggie Flynn</p><br>
<p>1969: La Strada</p><br>
<p>1970: Applause, The Rothschilds, Not Now, Darling</p><br>
<p>1972: Tricks</p><br>
<p>1973: Seesaw, Lorelei, Turtlenecks, Gigi</p><br>
<p>1974: Good News, London Assurance, The Wiz</p><br>
<p>1979: Sugar Babies, Oklahoma!</p><br>
<p>1982: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers</p><br>
<p>1986: Into the Light</p><br>
<p>1996: Big</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>Befitting the Fisher Building&#39;s history in association with art, three nationally recognized fine-art galleries have occupied space in the structure including the Gertrude Kasle Gallery and London Fine Arts Group.</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Kasle Gallery: Located in Suite 310 of the Fisher Building from 1965 to 1976 was a nationally recognized fine-art gallery hosting exhibits for some of the most highly respected artists of the second half of the 20th century including Willem de Kooning, Jim Dine, Helen Frankenthaler, Robert Goodnough, Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Grace Hartigan, Ian Hornak, Ray Johnson, Robert Motherwell, Lowell Nesbitt, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg and Jack Tworkov.</p><br>
<p>London Fine Arts Group: Located in a large portion of the third floor of the Fisher Building during the 1970s and 1980s, London Fine Arts Group acted as a publishing company assisting in producing limited edition art works for many internationally recognized artists including Yaacov Agam, Karel Appel, Arman, Romare Bearden, Gene Davis, Don Eddy, Alberto Giacometti, Ian Hornak, Lester Johnson, Alex Katz, Richard Lindner, Roberto Matta, Lowell Nesbitt, Robert Rauschenberg, Harry Bertoia, Donald Sultan, Victor Vasarely and Larry Zox.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Detroit Public Schools</p><br>
<p>4th floor: Department of State and Federal Programs (Suite 450)</p><br>
<p>6th floor: Office of the Secretary of the Board of Education</p><br>
<p>9th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Office of Athletics</p><br>
<p>* Office of Literacy</p><br>
<p>* Multilingual-Multicultural Education in DPS (Suite 119)</p><br>
<p>* Office of Specialized Student Services (Special Education)</p><br>
<p>* Office of Innovation</p><br>
<p>10th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Division of Talent (Human Resources)</p><br>
<p>* Division of Labor Relations</p><br>
<p>* Division of Technology and Information Services (Suit 1000)</p><br>
<p>11th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Division of Finance</p><br>
<p>* Payroll Department</p><br>
<p>* Office of Risk Management (Suite 1100)</p><br>
<p>14th floor: Main Administration</p><br>
<p>* Office of the Emergency Manager</p><br>
<p>* Office of the Inspector General</p><br>
<p>* Operations Group</p><br>
<p>Girl Scouts of Southeastern Michigan</p><br>
<p>1st Floor: Council Shop</p><br>
<p>5th Floor: Office</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s Hospital of Michigan Foundation - Suite 218</p><br>
<p>City Bakery</p><br>
<p>A Detroit shop of the famous New York City-based company.</p><br>
<p>The Allen Law Group, PC - Suite 2500</p><br>
<p>In 2017 The Platform LLC converted the fourth floor into rental space for arts-based groups.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is a complex of three structures, built between the 1740s and 1780s, in Romney, West Virginia. The clerk&#39;s office, dating from the 1780s, is the oldest surviving public office building in West Virginia. The kitchen building  is the oldest remaining component of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House and the oldest building in Romney. Throughout its history, the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House has been known as the Andrew Wodrow House, the Mytinger Family Home, and the Mytinger House.</p><br>
<p>The earliest person recorded residing on Lot Number 48 in Romney was Hugh Murphy. In 1763, Colonel George William Wilson received a patent to Lot Number 48 from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, to purchase the lot from Murphy. Wilson served in the Hampshire County militia as a major during the French and Indian War. He relocated to Pennsylvania, and in 1770, George Washington spent the night in a log cabin on the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48. Andrew Wodrow arrived in Hampshire County near or after the end of the American Revolutionary War. In 1782, Wodrow became clerk of court for Hampshire County. He completed the clerk&#39;s office building in the 1780s, and the complex assumed its current configuration by 1790.</p><br>
<p>Wodrow served as Clerk of Court for Hampshire County until his death in 1814, after which ownership passed to Wodrows son-in-law, John McDowell; a Dr. McClinoch; and the Mytinger family, who retained the property for about 100 years. Manning H. Williams purchased the house and restored it in 1962. Dr. Herbert P. Stelling purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in 1973, and it opened as a museum and an arts and handicrafts shop known as Colonial Craftsmen. While under the Stelling familys ownership, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Its current owners, Old Hampshire Ltd., purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and setting</h2><br>
<p>The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House property is at 51 West Gravel Lane in Romney, West Virginia, within the eastern section of town Lot Number 48 and the western section of Lot Number 58. Taggart Hall, a late 18th-century residence, is immediately east of the property, and serves as the headquarters for the Fort Mill Ridge Foundation, the Hampshire County Convention and Visitors Bureau, and the Hampshire County Chamber of Commerce. Across West Gravel Lane to the immediate south of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is the parking lot of the Romney Volunteer Fire Department, which was formerly the location of the town&#39;s Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery on Lots No. 59 and 60.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The land upon which the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, CharlesII ascended to the English throne. He renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and renewed the original grant favoring original grantees Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, again in 1672. In 1681 Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, who received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine&#39;s son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, in 1719.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding present-day Romney remained sparsely populated by European settlers until the middle of the 18th century, when tensions with Native Americans began to subside. Around this time, Lord Fairfax wanted to have the lands of his Northern Neck Proprietary used and enticed European settlers to move there. His initiative led to the establishment of population centers, such as Romney. After Lord Fairfax settled at Greenway Court, he oversaw the sale and settling of his proprietary lands. One of his surveyors, George Washington, stated that a sizable number of people were residing near present-day Romney by 1748. County records indicate that Lord Fairfax began selling land within present-day Hampshire County in 1749. However, the lot&#39;s first occupant or builder is unknown. By 1754, Hampshire County was formed from parts of Frederick and Augusta counties.</p><br>
<p>Gravel Lane, the present-day street where the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located, follows an old trail used by Native Americans prior to the arrival of European settlers. Gravel Lane was Romneys original main street, and according to the Federal Writers Project in its Historic Romney 1762–1937 (1937), Gravel Lane "is the most historic lane in the town—and perhaps in the Northern Neck".</p><br>
<h3>Wilson family</h3><br>
<p>The earliest known person to own Lot Number 48, where the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located, was Hugh Murphy. According to George Washingtons report to the House of Burgesses in 1764, Wilson served as a major in the Hampshire County militia during the French and Indian War, for which Washington praised him for his earnestness and courage. Wilsons residency in Romney was brief, and he relocated to Pennsylvania between 1764 and 1768.</p><br>
<p>On October 9, 1770, George Washington purportedly stayed the night in an old log house at the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48. This was his final visit to Romney. In his diary, Washington wrote:</p><br>
<p>Wilson became a justice of the peace for newly established Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in 1771. He was involved in the Pennsylvania–Virginia boundary dispute, Wilson encouraged support for the American Revolution and became the lieutenant colonel of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h3>Wodrow family</h3><br>
<p>Andrew Wodrow was born in 1752 in Scotland. He immigrated to the Colony of Virginia in 1768, and during the 1770s, Wodrow established and expanded a thriving import business in Fredericksburg. Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he abandoned his business rather than import and sell goods from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Wodrow was then appointed to serve in the political post of clerk for the Revolutionary Committee for King George County on May 6, 1775. He arrived in Hampshire County near or after the end of the American Revolutionary War, and in 1782, he became clerk of court for Hampshire County. Although he was the third officeholder as clerk of court, Wodrow was the first clerk to reside in Hampshire County.</p><br>
<p>As a key official, Wodrow played a significant role in the conveyance and settlement of lands and was a prosperous landholder in his own right. He is credited with giving the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House complex its current form. He completed the arrangement of the three sections of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House and his association with the property lent the complex significance for its listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In the 1780s, Wodrow built the frame structure (the last of the houses three structures) for use as a clerks office. At that time, Gravel Lane was Romneys main street and the function and architectural beauty of the clerks office made it a center of activity in the town. According to West Virginia Antiquities Commission research assistant Phillip R. Pitts and historian James E. Harding, the clerks office symbolized the end of Romneys frontier existence and the beginning of a more established disposition. By the start of the 19th century, Romney and the surrounding county had become an established and settled area with a growing economy based on agriculture.</p><br>
<p>By 1790, the three structures constituting the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House probably assumed their present arrangement. Prior to this survey, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, had commissioned a similar cadastral survey of the town before its incorporation on December 23, 1762. On June 30, 1790, Mitchel submitted to the trustees a "Plan of the Town of Romney" that divided the town into 100 land lots of equal size, including the two lots upon which the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House was located (Lots Number 48 and 58).</p><br>
<p>Wodrow remained in his post as clerk of court for Hampshire County until his death in 1814. Successive owners included Wodrow&#39;s son-in-law, John McDowell; and Dr. McClinoch, who was one of the first physicians in Romney.</p><br>
<h3>Mytinger family</h3><br>
<p>Tobias Mytinger acquired the property in 1861. Mytinger was active in the community affairs of Romney. He was elected a town councilman in 1874 and 1884; appointed to a committee in 1875 to assess repairs needed for the Hampshire County Courthouse; and elected to the Romney District Board of Education in 1879. Mytinger died in January 1908, and his wife Martha Virginia Mytinger continued to reside at the property until her death in January 1912. The house remained under the ownership of the Mytinger family until 1959. At the time of the propertys 1959 sale, much of the complex structures original building materials and architectural details remained extant, although in a state of deterioration. Modern conveniences, including electricity, plumbing, and a central heating system, had not been installed.</p><br>
<h3>Williams family and restoration</h3><br>
<p>Manning H. Williams purchased the house from the Mytinger family in 1959. The restoration project began with the clerks office in June 1962. During its restoration, the structures wooden floors, stairs, doors, woodwork, and most of its plaster were retained. Replicas of the second-story windows were fabricated, and old glass was collected from around the area and placed in their wooden sashes. Some of the structures weatherboards were also replaced, and then the exterior of the clerks office was painted white. Electric heating was installed, and insulation was added between the walls. During the renovation, contractors made a concerted effort to match the original or period paint colors when painting the structure&#39;s walls and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The residential structure, also known as "the dwelling," required considerably more rehabilitation. The floor beams were rebuilt, the rafters were replaced, and a new red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) shingle roof was installed. The majority of the brickwork in its double chimneys was repaired. In the large room on the first floor, a small section of the interior eastern wall was removed to unmask the timber framing construction, and another small section was removed to reveal the hand-riven lath. Having been protected by the porch, some of the original siding on the structure&#39;s northern side was kept; replacement siding was duplicated for the remainder of the exterior and it was painted white.</p><br>
<p>The rear kitchen building was cleaned, repaired, and covered with new weatherboards, both its interior and exterior were painted white, and it was topped with cedar shakes. All the adjoining porches were rebuilt and their roofs were topped with cedar shingles. A white picket fence was built around the propertys exterior, and a brick walkway was installed along the western (front) side of the clerks office and around the residential structure to the rear of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Stelling family and Colonial Craftsmen</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Herbert P. Stelling of Barre, Massachusetts, purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in May 1973, Stelling&#39;s daughters Rebecca, Deborah, and Rhetta Stelling, along with Gary Winkles, operated the museum and store.—only the second historic property in Hampshire County to be listed after the Sloan–Parker House.</p><br>
<h3>Old Hampshire, Ltd.</h3><br>
<p>Old Hampshire, Ltd., Bob and Estelle Odle, Tom Stump, Lowell Hott, and Dottie Eddis, purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in October 1985. Hott and Eddis have continued to maintain and restore the house, and have completed large construction projects, including a renovation of the kitchen buildings crumbling stone chimney and a replacement of the 1962 roof shingles in December 2019. In a 2019 interview with the Hampshire Review regarding their continued maintenance and restoration of the property, Hott remarked, "Its really been a labor of love for us." Between 2009 and 2014, the kitchen building&#39;s stone chimney began to crumble, and it was rebuilt using some of the original stones. The cedar shingles from the 1962 restoration were replaced in December 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Immediately south of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House, across East Gravel Lane, is the former location of Romneys Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery. On April 1, 1816, Wodrows executor, James Dailey, deeded the two lots on to Mount Bethel Congregation trustees James Beach, William Inskeep, Adam Hare, and John Lawson for these purposes. Wodrow was interred in this cemetery located at the top of the cemeterys hill. The Presbyterian church was built near the corner of West Gravel Lane and South High Streets between 1812 and 1816. The Old Presbyterian Cemetery fell into neglect by the late 19th century and was destroyed around 1940 when the hill on which it was located was cut away and leveled for the construction of a factory. Although some human remains and headstones were relocated to Indian Mound Cemetery, Wodrows remains were likely lost during the destruction of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is a complex of three independent structures differing in size, type of construction, building orientation, and purpose. Architectural historian S. Allen Chambers characterized the complex as, "a charmingly informal assemblage" and "wonderfully forthright". The three component structures were built between the 1740s and the 1780s, and consist of the one and one-half-story kitchen structure (c. 1750), the one and one-half-story residential structure, and the two and one-half-story clerks office (1780s). The kitchen structure is the rear (northern) component of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House, the residential structure is the middle component, and the clerks office is at the front (southern end) of the property along West Gravel Lane. The three structures are positioned near one another and are joined by porches on the ground level, which have enabled their use as a single building.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen structure (c. 1750)</h3><br>
<p>The rear (northern) structure of the house dates from around 1750, and is thought to be the oldest extant building on the property and in Romney. It is believed to have been a kitchen for most of its existence. The kitchen structure is one and one-half stories in height and measures 14 ft by 16 ft. Constructed of hand-hewn logs, its exterior is sheathed in white-painted, beaded weatherboard siding, and its gable roof is topped by red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) roof shingles. The kitchen structure is accessible by an entryway on its southern façade, connected to the adjacent residential structure of the house by a covered porch. A large stone chimney dominates the kitchen structures northern side, directly opposite the entryway on its southern side. One six-over-three-light wooden sash window is set in the center of the buildings long sides on the ground floor, and two four-light wooden sash windows are in the southern gable opposite the fireplace to provide light to the upper story. An enclosed staircase provides access to the upper story and is opposite the fireplace side of the building. The interior walls of the kitchen structure are painted white.</p><br>
<h3>Residential structure</h3><br>
<p>The residential structure or "the dwelling" of the house is immediately in front of the rear kitchen structure. The residential structure is one and one-half stories in height and measures 24 ft by 20 ft. It is built of frame construction containing brick nogging (brick infill), and its exterior is sheathed in white-painted, beaded weatherboard siding. A gable roof tops the structure. Its exterior is symmetrically arranged, except for the prominent double brick chimneys on its western side, connected by a chimney pent on the ground floor. Central entryways are positioned on both the rear (northern) and front (southern) façades, with six-over-six-light wooden sash windows positioned on either side of each respective doorway. The upper level is illuminated by wooden sash windows in both its east and west gables. The two windows on the western gable with the double chimneys are small four-light wooden sash windows, and the two windows on the eastern gable are six-over-six-light wooden sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The residential structure consists of four rooms: two each traversing the ground level and upper level lengthwise. The front room on both the ground and upper levels is long and narrow. The double chimneys on the structures western side allow for fireplaces in all four rooms. The western fireplace walls in all four rooms are enveloped by raised wooden paneling. The raised wooden paneling of the western walls is modest in design and includes a chimney pent closet flanking the left side of the segmental-arched fireplace in all four rooms. The fireplace opening is framed by a bolection molding; however, the fireplace lacks a mantel shelf. A cavetto cornice molding spans the length of the raised wooden paneling. Except for the fireplace wall, the interior walls of the ground-floor rooms are made of painted plaster, and the second-floor rooms walls are made of painted flush boards. The structure&#39;s upper level is accessed by an enclosed staircase along the eastern wall of the larger rear rooms opposite the paneled fireplace walls.</p><br>
<p>According to Pitts and Harding, the architectural style and construction pattern of the residential structure were similar to buildings in Tidewater Maryland, built in the period before 1730. They stated that regardless of the structure&#39;s origin, it would have been "an expensive and pretentious structure" for the Romney area during that period. The half-timber construction, the brick nogging, the double brick chimneys with a connecting chimney pent, and the medieval floor plan are architectural features not usually associated with present-day West Virginia. The residential structure may have been built for either Lord Fairfax or his land agent. However, it is not known whether the kitchen structure was an existing pioneer home or a contemporary kitchen.</p><br>
<h3>Clerk&#39;s office (1780s)</h3><br>
<p>The largest and most imposing structure contributing to the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House complex is the two and one-half-story "clerks office". Built of wooden frame construction, it measures 14 ft by 26 ft, with its southern gable facing perpendicular toward Gravel Lane and its main entryway positioned on the structures western (front) elevation. Both the rear (eastern) and front (western) façades are three bays wide, with nine-over-nine-light wooden sash windows in the ground-floor bays, and six-over-six-light wooden sash windows in the second-floor bays. The symmetry of the front façades windows is interrupted by the main entryway in the most southern of the three bays, which is spaced slightly further to the right of the above bay. The structures main façade is adjoined with a one-story shed-roofed porch supported by chamfered wooden columns. On the structure&#39;s eastern façade, the six bays are symmetrically placed with three six-over-six-light wooden sash windows in the second story and three nine-over-nine-light wooden sash windows in the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Each of the structures floors is divided between a large room and a narrow stair hall (in a side-hall plan), which connects the two stories by an open dog-leg stairway. The large room on each floor has a paneled fireplace wall on its northern end. On the first floor of the clerks office, the segmental-arched fireplace opening is bordered by a crossette architrave. Pitts and Harding describe the wooden paneling on the fireplace wall as being "exceptional". The fireplace mantels bracket exhibits moldings identical to the cornice, including a "wall of Troy" motif. Fluted pilasters separate the fireplace wall into three sections. They consist of the segmental-arched fireplace with mantelpiece and the end segments of wooden paneling on either side of the fireplace. On the second floor, the wooden paneling is more simple in design, and the fireplace wall is divided into three segments with wooden paneling. The fireplace wall is adorned by a mantelpiece with a "wall of Troy" motif and a cornice containing dentils. The other interior walls within the clerks office structure are painted plaster.</p><br>
<h3>Old log house</h3><br>
<p>The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House property formerly contained an old log house where George Washington purportedly stayed in 1770 during his final visit to Romney. The house stood at the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48 until it was demolished in 1932.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival church building was designed by E. Townsend Mix, a noted Milwaukee architect, and constructed as Olivet Congregational Church in 1868. The building was sold to the Episcopal diocese in 1871 when the Olivet congregation faced bankruptcy, and was consecrated as a cathedral in 1898. Incense was first used at All Saints Cathedral on Epiphany, 1902.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral complex, which includes the church, an attached guild hall and nearby bishop&#39;s manse, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Milwaukee City Landmark in 1973. The tower and steeple, approximately 200 feet tall, houses a bronze bell cast in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1867 one year before the church was built. It measures almost 40 inches in diameter at the mouth, weighs approximately 1,200 pounds and is tuned to an A. Currently, the cathedral is raising money to hang an additional five bells, tuned to F, E-flat, D, C, and B-flat. All bells will be rung by a computerized external striker, and the pre-existing bell can also be swung to ring it. Since renovation in the 1950s the steeple cross is mounted out-of-line with the facade, slightly angled towards Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In the liturgical "east end" of the sanctuary, elevated on a triple-step dais of white marble, stands the high altar and triptych presented as a memorial gift to the cathedral in 1922 during the tenure of Dean Charles S. Hutchinson. The Sienna marble altar and triptych was designed and built by Eugene W. Mason, Jr. of New York City, and is of Italian Gothic styling. Embossed in the bronze door of the tabernacle is the Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God, signifying the sacrificial nature of the Eucharist. The figures on the predella (just below the center panel) are from the left: Saints Thomas Becket, Joan of Arc, St. Mary the Virgin, Francis of Assisi, and Demetrius of Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>Most of the stained glass windows in the cathedral were designed and produced in England, most by Lavers, Barraud and Westlake of London. A large rondel window of Christ the King was made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, also of London.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s church features a liturgy in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. The congregation includes around 250 members.</p><br>
<p>Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont, California, was the country house of William Chapman Ralston, a San Francisco businessman, a founder of the Bank of California, and a financier of the Comstock Lode. It is an opulent Italianate Villa, modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details. It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark. It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University.</p><br>
<h2>The mansion</h2><br>
<p>Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University, on the San Francisco Peninsula. The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani, the former owner of the estate. Taking three years to build, it was completed in 1867, when San Francisco&#39;s leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula, an integral part of San Francisco high society. Architect John Painter Gaynor, who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, is thought to have worked on it. Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace.</p><br>
<p>A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall: "In a domed wing was the oval ballroom. Its walls were mirrored, and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room. I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball."</p><br>
<p>The Hall is a four-floor, 55,000 ft&sup2; mansion, with a stately dining room, a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition, an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris, a grand staircase, 23 crystal chandeliers, and inlaid wood floors. Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles, and incorporated several of the palace&#39;s elements in his design of the mansion. The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours. The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets. Ralston Hall houses a collection of antiques accumulated by Ralston, including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens, a stoney grotto, and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees.</p><br>
<h2>Uses of the mansion</h2><br>
<p>After Ralstons death, the estate passed to his former business partner, United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon, whose family lived in the house. Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh, 7th Baronet, of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time, taking place in the mansions ballroom. After Senator Sharons death in 1885, the mansion became Radcliffe Hall, a girls finishing school. From 1900 to 1922, it was the Gardner Sanitarium.</p><br>
<p>Since 1922, Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University, formerly the College of Notre Dame. Prior to its closure in 2012, the mansion contained some of the universitys administrative and faculty offices, such as the admissions office. It was also used for some of the universitys events, such as “drama productions, concerts, recitals, guest lectures, student, faculty and staff meetings and forums”. The mansion was also used for weddings, galas, and other various events. In addition, it was open for public tours.</p><br>
<p>A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include:</p><br>
<p>President Ulysses S. Grant</p><br>
<p>Admiral David Farragut</p><br>
<p>Leland Stanford</p><br>
<p>Mark Hopkins</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cipriani period (1853–1864)</h3><br>
<p>Originally, the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853. The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house, featuring asymmetrical massing, Italianate cave brackets, lacy bargeboards, and a tower”.</p><br>
<h3>William Chapman Ralston period (1864–1875)</h3><br>
<p>In 1864, William Chapman Ralston bought the villa. Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California. For the next few years, Ralston added to the building and grounds, and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula”. He hosted many guests at the mansion, including Admiral David Farragut, Vice President Schuyler Colfax, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Anson Burlingame, James Flood, and Mark Twain.</p><br>
<p>After Ralston finished expanding the mansion, it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor; European Renaissance designed pilasters, moldings, columns, interior arches, staircases, and furnishings; a remodeled ballroom, reception hall, and dining room; state-of-the-art ventilation system; imported embossed glass in skylights, doors, and windows; and decoratively painted rooms”.</p><br>
<p>Ralston called the estate “Belmont”, and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate. Outside of the mansion, the estate had a “ stone carriage house, barns, a bowling alley, greenhouses, servants’ quarters, and a gymnasium with Turkish baths”. The estate was built to be self sufficient, with innovative gas and water systems. A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870.</p><br>
<p>In 1875 when Ralston himself died, and the Ralston era of the estate ended. Before his death, Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon, his business partner.</p><br>
<h3>Senator William Sharon period, and Radcliffe Hall (1875–1895; 1895–1898)</h3><br>
<p>Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875. He did not live in the mansion, but maintained it and used it for entertaining. Ulysses S. Grant visited during this time in 1879, two years after his presidency. In 1885, Sharon died. His family kept the mansion until 1895. After the Sharon family, the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898, called Radcliffe Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Gardner Sanitarium (1900–1922)</h3><br>
<p>From 1900 to 1918, it was then a sanitarium founded and operated by Dr. A. M. Gardner formally of Napa State Hospital, and was called Gardner Sanitarium. After Gardner&#39;s death in 1913 the hospital became less popular and finally closed after World War I in 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur (1922–to present)</h3><br>
<p>The sanitarium closed after World War I. Then, in1922, the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college. The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today. In 1966, Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972, it became a California registered Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Pending renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University (NDNU) that in spite of the home&#39;s relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault”. As of April 2012, the building has been closed, pending renovation.</p><br>
<p>Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit, as necessary, of the entire masonry foundation”, and the "re-roofing, removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors. The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million.</p><br>
<p>As of February 2019, NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school. The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold”, although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime. The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>In order to help assure its preservation, the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Hall&#39;s historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity, location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association” (with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875). One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula, it is also noted for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Major Reuben Colburn House is a historic house museum and state historic site on Arnold Road in Pittston, Maine. Built in 1765, it was the home of Reuben Colburn, a patriot and shipbuilder, from 1765 to 1818. The house, one of the first to be built in the area, is most notable as one of the staging areas for Benedict Arnolds 1775 Quebec expedition. It is operated by the state as the Colburn House State Historic Site, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Colburn House stands on a rise overlooking the Kennebec River to the west. It is set south of the First Congregational Church of Pittston, on the west side of Arnold Road, an old alignment of Maine State Route 27, which runs just to the east. The house is a -story timber-frame structure, with a side gable roof, central brick chimney, and clapboard siding. The front facade is five bays wide, with slightly irregular spacing of windows, and a comparatively elaborate front door surround consisting of flanking sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a corniced entablature.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reuben Colburn and his family settled in Gardinerston (then part of Massachusetts) in 1761. In 1763, he was granted 250 acre of land and built a saw mill, brick yard, boat yard, and grist mill on the shores of the Kennebec River. In 1765, he built his two-story home on "an eminence which gradually slopes down to the shore." Colburn was later described as "one of our earliest kings of industry."</p><br>
<p>Colburn assisted George Washington and Benedict Arnold in the planning and provisioning of Arnold&#39;s 1775 military expedition through the northern wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. This site was one of the last outposts of support and supply for the expedition. The house passed out of the Colburn family in 1953, after which it underwent some restorative work under private ownership. It was acquired by the state in 1971, and has been operated as a historic site since.</p><br>
<p>The James Weir House  is a historic building formerly located in downtown Tazewell, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was built by James Weir around 1830 as a two-story single-pen log structure, consisting of American chestnut logs on a limestone foundation. The log frame is covered with siding.</p><br>
<p>In various times in its history, the house has served as a post office, store, inn, Civil War hospital, and library. In 1977, Samuel Gene McNeeley inherited the house from his parents, who had lived in it since 1920.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The following year, McNeeley, a physician who lived in nearby Norris, Tennessee, sold the house to the Claiborne County government, on the condition that it be used as a library or museum. A library was opened in the house in 1982 and operated until about 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the library&#39;s board of directors opted to vacate the property, citing space concerns and the near-prohibitive cost of upkeep. In September 2004 the Claiborne County commissioners voted to return ownership of the house to Dr. McNeeley (who died in 2005).</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 2007 by Eleanor Yoakum and moved to her farm south of Tazewell. It was being restored to its original condition by Verlin Singleton. The restoration was expected to be completed early in 2008, after which the house was to be open to the public by appointment only. The house was removed from the National Register in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Barton National Historic Site, which includes the Clara Barton House, was established in 1974 to interpret the life of Clara Barton , an American pioneer teacher, nurse, and humanitarian who was the founder of the American Red Cross. The site is located 2 mi northwest of Washington D.C. in Glen Echo, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The United States National Historic Site protects 9 acres (0.04 km) of land at her Glen Echo home including the 38-room former residence of Barton. The site is managed by the George Washington Memorial Parkway, a unit of the National Park Service. The first national historic site dedicated to the accomplishments of a woman, it preserves the early history of the American Red Cross and the last home of its founder. Barton spent the last 15 years of her life in her Glen Echo home (1897–1912), and it served as an early headquarters of the American Red Cross as well.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The large frame house was partially constructed from lumber salvaged from emergency buildings built by the Red Cross at Johnstown, Pennsylvania in the wake of the Johnstown Flood of 1889. The lumber of the dismantled buildings was brought to Washington via the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal to avoid flooding the local market in Johnstown. The lumber was stored on a lot owned by Barton in Washington D.C. until early in 1891 when construction began on land donated by Edwin and Edward Baltzley, who were developing a Chautauqua assembly at Glen Echo. The house was designed by Dr. Julian B. Hubbell, the first field agent of the American Red Cross. Hubbell oversaw the construction work performed by Baltzley&#39;s construction team. The original structure included a massive stone front in a style in keeping with the rest of the Chautauqua buildings. In 1897, when Barton moved into the house permanently, the central part of the stone facade was dismantled, creating flanking stone towers. The addition of pointed roofs accentuated the effect on the deep, narrow house.</p><br>
<p>In spite of its massive size, the house is sparely detailed and furnished for utility. The interior is designed as if it were a Mississippi River steamboat. The house contains 36 rooms and 38 closets, with three tiers of rooms facing a central gallery lighted by clerestory windows of colored glass.</p><br>
<p>Congress designated the Clara Barton House as a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The property was designated as a National Historic Site in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Acquisition and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service (NPS) acquired the house from the Friends of Clara Barton in 1975. The Friends organization had made repairs to the house, but NPS determined that additional structural repairs were needed. In 1981 a dedication ceremony was held at the site following the completion of the NPS restoration project. The NPS restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, parlors and Clara Bartons bedroom. Visitors to Clara Barton National Historic Site were able to gain a sense of how Barton lived and worked surrounded by all that went into her lifes work. Visitors to the site were led through the three levels on a guided tour emphasizing Barton&#39;s use of her unusual home. In 2005, 12,529 visitors toured the site.</p><br>
<p>In October 2015 the site was closed for additional repairs and remained closed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, through 2021. The house reopened to the public in 2022, although NPS has identified additional structural problems. The second and third floors of the house remain closed.</p><br>
<p>A. Schwab Dry Goods Store is the sole remaining original business on Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A. Schwab Dry Goods Store was established in 1876 by Abraham Joseph Schwab, an Alsatian Jewish immigrant, who fled to the United States to escape German enlistment during the Franco-Prussian War. After arriving in Memphis, Schwab joined the Hirsch family and opened A. Schwab Dry Goods Store, selling mens shoes and boots under the name "Hirsch, Schwab & Co" at 66 Beale. A. Schwabs was also the retailer of the largest overalls in the world which sold two pair a year. Over the next decade Hirsch, Schwab, & Co would expand its services into clothing, hardware and home appliances before the families split in 1886.</p><br>
<p>Following the split Schwab would continue independently moving to 149 Beale under the current name of A. Schwab. In 1911 the business was passed along to his sons, Sam, Elias, and Leo, who moved the shop to the first floor of its current address at 163 Beale. The new store front was inherited by Sams daughter, Eleanor Schwab Braslow, and Eliass son, Abram Schwab. Eleanor would keep the books and maintain A. Schwabs stock while Abram would act as the public face of the business. The two expanded the shop to its current size in 1924 buying the second floor of their building and the adjacent storefront, 165 Beale, which had previously been one of the original Piggly Wiggly grocery stores. Elanor and Abram also began a line of Schwabs hygiene products trademarked in 1924 under the name "Schwab&#39;s Nature" selling soaps and face wash through their store and other local pharmacies.</p><br>
<p>Today it is a local tourist attraction. On the balcony mezzanine is the Beale Street Museum, a collection of Beale Street memorabilia, along with several items and records of the Schwab family. The second floor has is an event venue and houses the hoodoo items and musical goods. The first floor sells quirky merchandise and tourist memorabilia while what used to be the next door shop has been converted into an ice-cream bar.</p><br>
<p>A. Schwab was the oldest store in the Mid-South and is housed in the oldest remaining building on Beale Street. After 136 years of ownership, the Schwab family sold the business at the end of 2011.</p><br>
<p>The United States National Arboretum is an arboretum in northeast Washington, D.C., operated by the United States Department of Agriculture&#39;s Agricultural Research Service. It was established in 1927 by an act of Congress after a campaign by USDA Chief Botanist Frederick Vernon Coville.</p><br>
<p>It is 446 acre in size and is located 2.2 mi northeast of the Capitol building, with entrances on New York Avenue, NE and R Street, NE. The campus&#39;s gardens, collections, and features are connected by roadways that are 9.5 mi long in total. In addition to the main campus in Washington, D.C., there are research locations at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland and in McMinville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Arboretum functions as a major center of botanical research conducted by the USDA, including applied research on trees, shrubs, turf, and the development of new ornamental plants. In addition to a library and a historical collection (archive), the institution also has an extensive herbarium of over 800,000 specimens documenting wild and cultivated plant diversity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The United States National Arboretum was formally established by an act of Congress on 4 March 1927. That particular area was well-suited for the arboretum because it had varied soils and physiography, and no permanent buildings were then present. Additional land was purchased in 1938, 1948, and 1949 that, along with subsequent minor expansions, contributed to the Arboretum&#39;s current footprint of 446 acre.</p><br>
<p>On April 11, 1973, the USA National Arboretum was listed as a Category II Landmark in the National Register of Historic Places for its "importance which contributes significantly to the cultural heritage and visual beauty of the District of Columbia."</p><br>
<p>The construction of a Chinese garden, the National China Garden has been proposed for the National Arboretum since 2003. A groundbreaking was held in 2016 but the garden was reportedly cancelled due to counter-intelligence concerns regarding the construction of a large pagoda that could be used for collecting signals intelligence.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens and collections</h2><br>
<h3>Major gardens</h3><br>
<p>Asian Collections</p><br>
<p>Japanese Woodland, Asian Valley, China Valley, and Korean Hillside</p><br>
<p>Fern Valley Native Plant Collections</p><br>
<p>Woodland, prairie, and Southeastern Coastal Plain</p><br>
<p>Flowering Tree Collection</p><br>
<p>The Friendship Garden and Arbor House</p><br>
<p>Gotelli Dwarf and Slow Growing Conifer Collection</p><br>
<p>Gotelli and Watnong Collections</p><br>
<p>Introduction Garden</p><br>
<p>National Bonsai & Penjing Museum</p><br>
<p>National Grove of State Trees</p><br>
<p>National Herb Garden</p><br>
<p>Historic roses, Knot Garden, and themed gardens</p><br>
<p>Washington Youth Garden</p><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h3>Single-genus groupings</h3><br>
<p>Azalea Collections</p><br>
<p>Glenn Dale Azalea Hillside, Morrison Garden, and Lee Garden</p><br>
<p>Dogwood Collection</p><br>
<p>Holly Collection</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Collection</p><br>
<p>National Maple Collection</p><br>
<p>National Boxwood Collection</p><br>
<p>Perennial Collections</p><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h3>National Grove of State Trees</h3><br>
<p>The National Grove of State Trees (often just called the Grove) is a display of trees representing the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Fifty-one plots are arrayed over 30 acres (120,000 m), each plot home to a grouping of a state&#39;s official tree species, or in a few cases, another species indigenous to the state but better suited to growing in the local climate.</p><br>
<p>Bald cypress that might be found in a Louisiana swamp grow just a short walk from pines and birches that grow in New England forests; young redwoods from California grow near cottonwoods that might grow in riverside forests in the otherwise treeless Great Plains States.</p><br>
<p>Although the mid-Atlantic region has mild weather, which allows the USDA to grow most of the designated species, it cannot successfully grow a few of the state trees such as the cabbage palmetto, which is the state tree of both Florida and South Carolina, or the kukui, which is Hawaii&#39;s state tree. Substitutes have been made for these species, so the arboretum could have a tree that is important in each of the states. Planting was undertaken in 1989 with the National Association of State Foresters, the American Forest Foundation, the USDA Forest Service, and the National Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the collection is the portal adjacent to the M Street parking lot. A wooden entrance arbor is dedicated to the memory of Jeanne Yeutter, wife of former Secretary of Agriculture Clayton Yeutter. Her sponsorship of the project helped the concept of a Grove of State Trees to be realized. The inscription on the arbor reads, "In Celebration of Jeanne Yeutter&#39;s Love of Trees". The arbor leads to a large plaza with a flagstone star and a wall adorned with pottery tiles designed and fabricated by Liza Bach, a Tennessee crafter. Each tile is individually cast with the name of each state and a raised image of the foliage of the state tree.</p><br>
<h3>National Bonsai and Penjing Museum</h3><br>
<p>The collections of the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum are found throughout the Japanese, Chinese, and North American Pavilions, as well as a conservatory. The Mary E. Mrose Exhibit Gallery features season and rotating displays of bonsai as well as a collection of viewing stones.</p><br>
<p>Among the many bonsai accessions is a Japanese white pine cultivar, Pinus parviflora Miyajima, donated in 1975 by Masaru Yamaki to mark the United States&#39; bicentenary. This tree was formerly in Hiroshima, Japan and survived the 1945 atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The tree has been "in training" since 1625.</p><br>
<p>A Japanese temple bell hangs at the entrance to the Japanese Pavilion. Cast in bronze in 1798, the bell was donated by the National Bell Festival and installed on 1 January 2024. Featuring three panels of classical Japanese inscriptions, the bell stands 27 inches tall and weighs 80 pounds.</p><br>
<h2>Non-garden features</h2><br>
<p>The National Capitol Columns, a set of twenty-two Corinthian columns which were once part of the East Portico of the United States Capitol building from 1828 to 1958, are located on a hilltop in the Ellipse Meadow. The foundation on which the columns sit is constructed from steps originally at the Capitol. The columns were moved from storage to the Arboretum starting in 1988 and dedicated in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Ruins of the United Brick Corporation Brick Complex sit along the northwestern border of the Arboretum. They can be easily viewed from the New York Avenue parking lot. The kilns and associated structures, which the USDA acquired in 1976, were added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1978. The site is not accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>The USA National Arboretum is home to a pair of mated bald eagles named Mr. President and The First Lady. The pair began nesting at the Arboretum in 2014; the first eagles to nest there since 1947. An eagle nest cam sponsored by the American Eagle Foundation provides a livestream video feed of the nest during mating season.</p><br>
<p>A small collection of public artwork, including Split Ritual by American sculptor Beverly Pepper, can be found at the Arboretum. The piece is made of ductile iron and stands at 10 ft H x 44 in W x 100 in D. It consists of four vertical pieces that resemble large tools. They are placed in a circle on top of a flat, doughnut-shaped foundation. The sculpture was dedicated in 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, the USA National Arboretum re-introduced popular koi (fish) to the reflecting pool near the administration building.</p><br>
<p>Foster Botanical Garden, measuring 13.5 acre, is one of five public botanical gardens on Oahu. It is located at 50 North Vineyard Boulevard, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, near Chinatown at the intersection of Nu&#39;uanu Avenue and Vineyard Boulevard. Foster is in a highly urban area with strip malls, schools, and Buddhist, Shinto, and Methodist religious facilities nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Garden is the oldest botanical garden in Hawaii, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853, Queen Kalama leased 4.6 acre of land to William Hillebrand, a German physician and botanist who built his home and planted trees on the site. During his stay, he introduced a number of plants to Hawaii, as well as deer and mynah birds. Many of the large trees growing today on the Upper Terrace were Hillebrand&#39;s plantings. After 20 years Hillebrand returned to Germany, where he published Flora of the Hawaiian Islands in 1888. In 1884 the property was sold to Thomas R. Foster and his wife Mary E. Foster (née Robinson), who continued to develop the garden as their homesite. Upon her death in 1930, Mary Foster bequeathed the land and her home to the City and County of Honolulu, with the provision that the city accept and forever keep and properly maintain the (gardens) as a public and tropical park to be known and called Foster Park. At the time, the gardens were roughly 5.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Harold Lyon, the first director of Foster Garden, introduced thousands of new plants and trees to Hawaii, and started its famous orchid collection. Paul Weissich, director from 1957 to 1989, expanded Foster Garden to 14 acre of native plants, and developed four additional sites on Oahu Island to create the 650 acre Honolulu Botanical Gardens system. Taken as a whole, these five gardens feature rare species from tropical environments ranging from desert to rainforest, comprising the largest and most diverse tropical plant collection in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Garden is the inspiration for a line in Joni Mitchells 1970 folk song "Big Yellow Taxi": "Took all the trees, put em in a tree museum / Then charge people a dollar and a half just to see &#39;em.".</p><br>
<h2>Foster Botanical Garden today</h2><br>
<p>Today the garden consists of the Upper Terrace (the oldest part of the garden); Middle Terraces (palms, aroids, heliconias, gingers); Economic Garden (herbs, spices, dyes, poisons); Prehistoric Glen (primitive plants planted in 1965); Lyon Orchid Garden; and Hybrid Orchid Display. It also contains a number of exceptional trees, including a Sacred Fig which is a clone descendant of the Bodhi tree that Buddha sat under for inspiration, a sapling of which was gifted to Mary Foster by Anagarika Dharmapala in 1913. All told, it contains 25 of about 100 Oahu trees designated as exceptional.</p><br>
<p>The garden also contains several memorials and sculptures:</p><br>
<p>A small replica of the Daibutsu of Kamakura commemorates 100 years of Japanese immigration to Hawaii</p><br>
<p>A memorial stone on the site of the first Japanese language school on Oahu, where an anti-aircraft shell exploded into an auditorium full of children during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</p><br>
<p>The 1977 abstract ceramic sculpture Sandwich Isle by artist Bob Flint</p><br>
<p>The 1974 sculpture Tree by Charles W. Watson</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Foster Botanical Garden, undated pamphlet distributed at the garden</p><br>
<p>Berkley was an incorporated town in Norfolk County, Virginia. Chartered by an Act of Assembly in 1890, the Town of Berkley was located directly across the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River from the City of Norfolk in the South Hampton Roads area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 18th century, Berkley developed port facilities and a shipyard on the Elizabeth River across from Norfolk. In the 19th century, it was the rail terminus of the original Norfolk Southern Railway, a regional railroad extending 600 miles to Charlotte, North Carolina (and a predecessor of the modern Norfolk Southern rail system headquartered in Norfolk).</p><br>
<p>Both the Town of Berkley and Norfolk County are extinct as jurisdictions. Fearing annexation ambitions by its larger neighbor, the City of Norfolk, in the late 19th century, the town leaders petitioned the Virginia General Assembly to become an independent city (which would have created immunity from annexation), but the effort failed. On January 1, 1906, the Town of Berkley was annexed by the City of Norfolk, and is now considered a neighborhood of that city. (Remaining portions of Norfolk County were consolidated with the City of South Norfolk in 1963 to form the City of Chesapeake).</p><br>
<p>On 13 April 1922, the "negro belt" of the city suffered a large fire that destroyed two hundred homes. Press reports said that the fire began in a lumber mill and spread rapidly.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the Berkley Bridge on I-264 links Berkley with the downtown area of Norfolk. It is one of a few drawbridges on the Interstate Highway System. Berkley also is the site of the juncture of the Downtown Tunnel (across the river to Portsmouth) and Interstate 464 (leading to Chesapeake).</p><br>
<h2>Berkley North Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Berkley North Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>People from Berkley</h2><br>
<p>Peggy Hopkins Joyce (May 26, 1893&ndash;June 12, 1957), Broadway actress and New York City socialite, was born in Berkley.</p><br>
<p>Mary Pinkney Hardy "Pinky" MacArthur (May 22, 1852&ndash;December 3, 1935), wife of United States Army Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. and mother of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, was born, raised and married at her Hardy family plantation, "Riveredge", in Berkley. A memorial to her stands at the north end of South Main Street, near the former site of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Lewis (November 28, 1868 - January 1, 1949), the first African American appointed as an Assistant US Attorney (in Boston) and the first African-American US Assistant Attorneys General. Born to freedmen parents, he grew up in Berkley and went North to complete college, where he played football, and received his law degree.</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Cooper Alexander (born October 17, 1966, in Norfolk, Virginia and grew up in the Berkley area), an American politician of the Democratic Party. From 2002 - 2012, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates; he was elected in 2012 to the Senate of Virginia., and since 2016, is the Mayor of Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Madrey (1912-2001) late civic leader and activist of Berkley.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Jake Manley, Sr. (1924-2013), pastor of the Bethany Baptist Church (South Norfolk) and community leader. The church he pastored was founded in Berkley, before relocating to South Norfolk area of Chesapeake.</p><br>
<p>Blandford Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in Petersburg, Virginia. Although in recent years it has attained some notoriety for its large collection of more than 30,000 Confederate graves, it contains remains of people of all classes and races as well as veterans of every American war. It holds the largest mass grave of 30,000 Confederates killed in the Siege of Petersburg  and other battles during the American Civil War. Although only 3,700 names of the interred are known, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, in part through the efforts of Charlotte Irving, first president of the Historic Blandford Cemetery Foundation. In addition to this cemeterys historic African American section discussed below, it is located adjacent to the Peoples Memorial Cemetery, a historic African-American cemetery, and small cemeteries containing additional dead from the lengthy Siege of Petersburg and Battle of the Crater in 1864.</p><br>
<p>Historic Blandford Church also adjoins the cemetery. Although deconsecrated for more than a century, it features a Confederate memorial that features a full set of windows designed by Tiffany studios.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia General Assembly established Bristol Parish in 1643 to serve colonists who were moving westward and settling along the James River and its tributary Appomattox River. A year later (in response to a native American uprising) it ordered construction of Fort Henry (under the command of Abraham Wood) and other log forts to defend settlements on the south side of the James River. The fort became a trading center (a post having been established by Woods son-in-law Peter Jones Jr.) and a graveyard was established nearby, as was a chapel. The oldest stone, marking the grave of Richard Yarbrough, reads 1702, and some controversy exists as to whether Yarborough was buried in that location, especially since a marker for John Herbert (who died in 1704) was moved from his former home "Puddleduck" in the late 19th century. In 1724 Bristol Parish contained 450 families (or about 1100 titheable persons). However, by 1733 Ferry Chapel (built of wood) had fallen into severe disrepair, and in 1735 the parish was divided, with the new Dale and Raleigh parishes serving the western areas. Nonetheless, the vestry acquired land on a scenic overlook above the Appomattox River and established a building committee. Colonel Robert Bolling (who had earlier been authorized to build a tobacco inspection station, indicating the important new trade in the area), Major William Poythress and Captain William Starke contracted with Colonel Thomas Ravenscroft to build a brick church on Wells Hill, which was delayed somewhat by litigation but completed enough to use on August 13, 1737. In early 1738 Petersburg was laid out on the lands of Abraham Jones, and William Poythress soon established a settlement known as Blandford on his lands. The Virginia General Assembly chartered both settlements in 1748. In 1752 it established Dinwiddie County from what had been vast Prince George County, as well as authorized a third town in the area, called Pocahontas, on the north side of the Appomattox River across from both Blandford and Petersburg. A decade later, the vestry authorized a brick wall to enclose the churchyard, and during this period the brick church became known as Blandford Church. However, Petersburg also had burying ground, as did individual plantations. Following the Revolutionary War, the towns of Petersburg, Blandford and Pocahontas were incorporated as the borough of Petersburg, and additional lots laid out on former Bolling land between Blandford and Petersburg. The Blandford Church also acquired additional land and enclosed it by a wall by 1801. However, perhaps in part because of the disestablishment of the Episcopal Church and sale of its glebe lands, the Blandford church was only used a half dozen times per year by 1799 and its glebe lands sold in 1801. Soon, the cemetery was abandoned and fell into ruin and was acquired by the City of Petersburg in 1819.</p><br>
<p>Between 1820 and 1865, the burying ground transmuted into a municipal cemetery, as well as a showplace for the citys ironwork. Although it never fit the definition of a rural cemetery (and continued its grid plan), its development was effected by that garden and symbol-intensive movement as well as sometimes extreme mourning customs. The city of Petersburg prospered and developed as a manufacturing center, with six tobacco factories by 1835 and by 1850 it had become Virginias third largest city. In 1840 a group of African American men acquired an acre of land across the road from the Blandford Cemetery, which ultimately became Peoples Memorial Cemetery and one of Virginias largest African American cemeteries. Other nearby African American cemeteries were known as East View, Wilkersons Memorial Cemetery and Little Church cemetery, but in 1851 at the urging of Councilman William Hinton, the Petersburg City Council permitted the burial of African Americans in an isolated area on the eastern edge of Blandford Cemetery, separated by a fence. In 1854, the city bought 20 acres to expand Blandford Cemetery By the decades end, Robert Buckner Bolling had constructed a granite and marble mausoleum for his family&#39;s dead that aspired to be one of the finest and imposing of its type in the Southern States.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, not only did Petersburg send many troops to fight in the Confederate States Army, it became a crucial manufacturing, hospital and munitions hub. Railroads through Petersburg gave the state and Confederate capital at Richmond crucial supplies, so that it became a target late in the conflict. The Siege of Petersburg lasted from June 15, 1864, until the city surrendered on April 3, 1865, with the cemetery hill becoming a strategic target because of its view over the city and the important railroad bridge over the Appomattox River. The cemetery was directly behind Gracies Colquitts and Elliott&#39;s salients in the confederate siege line. Over the entrance road a stone arch is inscribed "Our Confederate Heroes" with the dates 1861–1865 and 1866–1913.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the war, Nora Fontaine Maury Davidson, a schoolteacher who with her two sisters established a Confederate School (later renamed Davidsons Seminary), became a passionate advocate for transforming Blandford Cemetery into a Confederate shrine. Some accounts claim she led her students to decorate the graves of the fallen in the spring of 1865. However, in her memoir, Cullings from the Confederacy: A collection of Southern Poems, Original and Others, Popular during the War Between the States and Incidents and Facts worth recalling, 1862–1865 (1903), she mentions taking 80 pupils on May 26, 1866, to decorate those killed on the day of Petersburgs evacuation. Davidson denied being a member of the Memorial Society of the Ladies of the City of Petersburg, which was formed on May 20, soon had 200 members and which laid decorations on the graves on June 9, 1866, the anniversary of the "Battle of Old Men and Boys" defending the city. In any event Blandford Cemetery became the site of one of the earliest Decoration Day ceremonies. In March 1868, the wife of Union General John A. Logan visited Blandford Church and noticed flowers and tiny Confederate flags on the soldiers graves, as she wrote in a 1903 Los Angeles Daily Times article and in her book Remniscences of a Soldiers Wife. On May 5, 1868, General Logan issued General Order No. 11 naming May 30 as the day for decorating the graves of the comrades who died in defense of their country during the rebellion. General Logan also advocated within the Grand Army of the Republic (a very large Union veterans association) calling for the observance of Memorial Day. Locals say that Decoration Day served as the inspiration for the federal Memorial Day, established by Congressional legislation in 1971 as the last Monday in May.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 Bellware and Gardiner dismissed this claim in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, pointing out that General Logan was aware of the southern observances of Memorial Day prior to his wife&#39;s trip to Virginia in 1868 and had mentioned them in a speech in 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the Ladies Memorial Association raised money to erect a Gothic arch in iron at the entrance to Memorial Hill, inscribed "Our Confederate Dead" on one side on "Waiting for Reveille" on the back. In 1889, the Ladies Memorial Association laid the cornerstone for a granite monument with a large bronze Confederate soldier atop Memorial Hill, noting that remains had been brought there for reinterment from the great battlefields of Fredericksburg, Manassas, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Sharpsburg as well as nearby. In 1912 another monument was dedicated to the 31 members of New Orleans&#39; Washington Artillery who died during the Siege of Petersburg. Further reburials have occurred as late as 1992.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the Ladies Memorial Associateion began converting Blandford Church into a mortuary and memorial chapel.</p><br>
<p>Because of vandalism in 1986 and 1987, including to the Richard Yarbrough gravestone, the Foundation reconstructed the entrances. to make it more secure. The cemetery suffered severe destruction in Hurricane Isabel in 2003, with large and small trees uprooted, and some ironwork and table tombs crushed.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Confederate Brigadier General Cullen A. Battle</p><br>
<p>Colonel Robert Bolling</p><br>
<p>John Herbert Claiborne</p><br>
<p>Joseph Cotten – American film, stage, radio and television actor.</p><br>
<p>Patrick H. Drewry</p><br>
<p>James Gholson</p><br>
<p>Alfred W. Harris, African American lawyer and legislator</p><br>
<p>Alva Curtis Hartsfield: one of 10 students from the Virginia Military Institute killed at the Battle of New Market on May 15, 1864.</p><br>
<p>Luther Porter Jackson, American professor and historian</p><br>
<p>Francis R. Lassiter, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Frank Lyon (1867–1955), American lawyer, newspaper publisher and land developer</p><br>
<p>Confederate Major General William Mahone, his wife Otelia and kinfolk * Benjamin McCandlish – United States Navy Commodore and former Naval Governor of Guam.</p><br>
<p>Margherita Wood McCandlish (1892–1954) – American former First Lady of Guam.</p><br>
<p>William Robertson McKenney, U. S. Representative</p><br>
<p>Patricia Medina – British actress.</p><br>
<p>Major General William Phillips</p><br>
<p>William Roy Smith (1920–1993), member of the Virginia House of Delegates</p><br>
<p>Mary Tannahill, artist</p><br>
<p>Edward Carrington Venable, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Confederate Brigadier General David A. Weisiger</p><br>
<p>Built in 1890, the 2,376 ft Walnut Street Bridge connects Chattanooga, Tennessees downtown with North Chattanooga. The bridges main spans are pin-connected Pennsylvania through truss spans. The top chord of these truss spans are configured in five sections, making the spans similar to the Camelback truss design. The bridge is historically significant as an extremely long and old example of its type; according to the Historic American Engineering Record: "The bridge was apparently the first non-military highway bridge across the Tennessee River."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to a plaque on the bridge, Edwin Thacher was the chief engineer for the bridge. The bridges superstructure was assembled by the Smith Bridge Company of Toledo, Ohio, which was a prolific late 19th-century bridge builder. The bridges substructure was constructed by Neeley, Smith, and Company of Chattanooga. Most of the parts for the bridge were manufactured by Manly Jail Works of Dalton, Georgia and then shipped to the site by rail.</p><br>
<p>A former Union officer from Ann Arbor, Michigan, William Andrew Slayton (1854–1935) was the stone contractor. Slayton lived in a stone house at 533 Barton Avenue, the house known for years by later inhabitants as the location of the "Little Art Shop". It is not known if he built this house, but similarly to Washington Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, he could overlook the project from his window. Many of the low stone walls in North Chattanooga are made up of the remnants of stones deemed too small for use in the piers. Subdivision plats in Chattanooga suggest that Slayton developed some areas to facilitate the hauling of materials from quarries in northeastern Alabama, and Slayton Street and Slayton Avenue are found near the current public library location on Broad Street.</p><br>
<p>The "county bridge", as the Walnut Street Bridge was once known, connected the predominantly white city on the south side of the Tennessee River with the large black work force on the north side ("North Shore") in Hill City, a town that was annexed by Chattanooga in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The bridge also carried trolleys of the Chattanooga Traction Company to Signal Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Two black men were lynched on the bridge: Alfred Blount on February 14, 1893, was hanged from the first span for allegedly attacking a white woman; Ed Johnson on March 19, 1906, was hanged from the second span, also for allegedly attacking a white woman. Johnson&#39;s lynching initiated a court case (United States v. Shipp) before the Supreme Court that is notable for being the only criminal trial in its history.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was closed to motor vehicles in 1978 and sat in disuse and disrepair for nearly a decade. Repairs and structural modifications have been made to turn the bridge into what is now a pedestrian walkway. The Walnut Street Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1990. The 2,376 ft pedestrian bridge sits near the heart of a massive and recently completed urban renewal project.</p><br>
<p>From December 2009 to May 2010, the bridge&#39;s deteriorating asphalt surface was replaced with wood planking. The City Council awarded a $1.3 million contract to Tower Construction for the bridge repair work.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Street Bridge fund was started by Chattanooga Venture, a community group, to receive funds to be used by the city toward restoration of the bridge. Once the campaign was finished, the remaining funds were used for additional improvements to the bridge. These funds led to the replacement of original plaques which had been damaged, vandalized, or stolen. The original plaques have been renamed to The Parks Foundation, an organization committed to enhancements, improvements and programming to extend the utilization of all our parks and public space to the greatest number of people. The foundation is offering new plaques to donors that strive for the same mission.</p><br>
<h2>Community events</h2><br>
<p>Wine over Water is a wine tasting event that takes place on the Walnut Street Bridge. The event started in 1994. Over 150 wines from all over the world get tasted. During the festival, local restaurants offer different tasting plates for purchase. Regional musicians and bands come to play jazz and classic bluegrass. The event is not free and tickets are sold quickly due to popularity.</p><br>
<p>Every summer, Chattanooga hosts the Riverbend Festival where country music and rock bands come and play for the city. On the last night of the festival, fireworks are shot off for the spectators. The bridge is used to display a bright waterfall of fireworks, which fall down into the river below. The fireworks are displayed at the middle of the bridge, and boaters are not allowed within several hundred feet.</p><br>
<p>The Seven Bridges Marathon takes place in Chattanooga, and the participants use the Walnut Street Bridge as part of the course. Participants, local Chattanoogans as well as tourists, enjoy the views from the bridge that extend up and down the river.</p><br>
<p>Ironman is a world-renowned triathlon with events scheduled throughout the year all over the planet. Chattanooga has hosted Ironman in 2014, 2015 and hosted the Ironman world championship in 2017. Athletes use the Walnut Street bridge during the running portion of the race.</p><br>
<p>The Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah, United States is the oldest museum for the visual fine arts in Utah. In 1986, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of 2022, the museum&#39;s director is Emily Larsen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1937, this building was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by architect Claud S. Ashworth (1885–1971). It was dedicated by LDS Apostle David O. McKay as "A sanctuary of beauty and a temple of meditation." The museum "seeks to fulfill its mission by refining minds and building character through the fine arts." It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Springville High School Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1936–37 and was extended in 1964. The Springville Museum of Art was made possible by the Nebo School District, the Works Progress Administration Act, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1964 a two-story wing was added as a gift from the Clyde Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Springville art movement began in 1903 with a donation of art by John Hafen and Cyrus Dallin. It was followed in 1907 by a donation from seven other Utah artists. The Smart collection came in 1925, followed by the Steed Collection (1948), and the Lund-Wassmer Collection in 1986. The Art Association Board of Trustees and the City of Springville continue to contribute to the growth of both the museum and its art.</p><br>
<p>The museum is noted for its collection of Utah art spanning from pioneer days to the present. Most of the major artists and styles of Utah are represented in nine permanent galleries in the museum. All 275 of the pieces are arranged in chronological order and show the development of art in Utah. The works of 250 artists are featured, including those of Doug Snow, Lee U. Bennion, Mahonri Young, Dan Weggeland, Francis L. Horspool, and LeConte Stewart. The museum celebrated the 80th anniversary of the Springville Art Museum in 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Museum timeline</h3><br>
<p>1901: An art committee is commissioned to promote art in Springville schools.</p><br>
<p>1903: John Hafen and Cyrus E. Dallin make a gift to begin a collection of sculpture and paintings.</p><br>
<p>1907: Faculty and students at Springville High begin setting aside funds for the purchases of works of art at their school.</p><br>
<p>1921: The very first Spring Salon art Exhibition is held.</p><br>
<p>1925: The Springville High Art Association is formed for the protection, collection and presentation of fine art. 65 works of Utah art are donated by Emma and George Smart.</p><br>
<p>1929: Polish-American artist Stan Poray, recently from the Imperial Court in Kyoto, has a major solo exhibition.</p><br>
<p>1937: The Hafen-Dallin club is formed to promote the fine arts. The Springville Art Museum building is completed as a WPA (Works Progress Administration) project.</p><br>
<p>1948: Alice and Merlin Steed donate 133 works of art.</p><br>
<p>1964: The families of Hyrum Smith and Elanora Johnson Clyde donate funds for the construction of a new west wing in which two new galleries are housed.</p><br>
<p>1975: The museum building is transferred from the Nebo School District to the city of Springville.</p><br>
<p>1986: 300 works of art are donated by Theodore Wassmer and Judy Lund-Wassmer.</p><br>
<p>1986: Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1993: The City of Springville gives permission to the Springville Museum of Art Board to raise funds to build a new wing.</p><br>
<p>1998: Construction begins on a 20,000 square foot (1,900 m²) addition to the museum which emphasizes education for children and provides extra gallery space for the museum&#39;s permanent art collection.</p><br>
<p>2012: Rita Wright becomes the new director of the Springville Museum of Art.</p><br>
<h2>Permanent collection</h2><br>
<p>Selections of the museum&#39;s collection of 2,300 works are displayed on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>They consist of art from Utah, the former Soviet Union and the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Temporary exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>The seven main galleries on the first-floor display temporary shows and consist of a wide variety of styles dealing with both historical and contemporary issues. Some of the most popular exhibitions include the annual exhibitions: the All-State Utah High School Art Show, the Quilt Show, the Spiritual and Religious Show, and the Spring Salon.</p><br>
<p>Ghirardelli Square is a landmark public square at the foot of Russian Hill and adjacent to the Aquatic Park Historic District in San Francisco. It is often considered to be part of the tourist attractions at nearby Fisherman&#39;s Wharf. A portion of the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company.</p><br>
<p>The square once featured over 40 specialty shops and restaurants. Some of the original shops and restaurants still occupy the square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1893, Domenico Ghirardelli purchased the entire city block in order to make it into the headquarters of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In the early 1960s, the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company, which moved the headquarters off-site to San Leandro and put the square up for sale.</p><br>
<p>San Franciscan William M. Roth and his mother, Lurline Matson Roth, bought the land in 1962 to prevent the square from being replaced with an apartment building. The Roths hired landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and the firm Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons to convert the square and its historic brick structures to an integrated restaurant and retail complex, the first major adaptive re-use project in the United States. It opened in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, Benjamin Thompson and Associates renovated the lower floor of the Clock Tower, keeping the existing architectural elements, for a Design Research store. The lower floors of the Clock Tower are now home to Ghirardelli Square&#39;s main chocolate shop.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, Ghirardelli Square was bought by a partnership of Capital & Counties USA and Northwestern Mutual Life.</p><br>
<p>In order to preserve Ghirardelli Square for future generations, the Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, part of the former clock tower building opened as Fairmont Heritage Place hotel. The hotel includes 53 residence-style rooms spanning four floors, and offers fractional ownership opportunities for all 53 of its hotel rooms. It is one of the few 5-star hotels in the Fisherman&#39;s Wharf area.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Ghirardelli Square was purchased by Atlanta, Georgia–based Jamestown L.P.</p><br>
<h2>Design and legacy</h2><br>
<p>The plaza is at the eastern end of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, connecting the Embarcadero waterfront promenade to the natural parkland of the Marina Green, Crissy Field and the Presidio Parkland.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Halprins idea for Ghirardelli Square was to preserve the space within the urban setting and create an example for other USA cities, something which hadnt been done before. Ghirardelli Square featured many rarities at the time of its creation. For instance, Halprin designed all the street furniture and light fixtures, at a time when street furniture was not as common. Furthermore, a wheelchair ramp was put in for William Wurster, another design choice rarity for the era. Lastly, Ghirardelli&#39;s underground garage was new: rather than having the garage connect to the road, shops were put at street level in order to promote social opportunities.</p><br>
<p>The cast bronze statue in Ghirardelli Plaza, titled Andrea, was installed by San Francisco sculptor Ruth Asawa in 1968. It features two mermaids, one of whom is nursing a merbaby, surrounded by frogs and turtles. The statue was designed to delight viewers in the wonders of the ocean and to create a connection between the square and the nearby bay. The fountain was met with condemnation from American landscape architect Lawrence Halprin who found the piece unserious and demanded its removal. Many San Franciscans, especially women residents, rallied around Asawa in support of keeping the sculpture.</p><br>
<p>One obstacle for the design was that Ghirardelli Square was at the foot of the Pacific Heights neighborhood. The Pacific Heights community wanted the giant Ghirardelli sign removed because of how bright it was at night. Rather than take down the sign, Halprin had it turned around to face the waterfront.</p><br>
<p>After several years, a series of renovations had departed from Lawrence Halprins original design intention, resulting in Ghirardelli Plaza becoming visually unappealing and less accessible. Pre-2017, a revitalization project was undertaken focusing on improving public access, promoting year-round activity, improving environmental sustainability, and improving the plazas aesthetics. The project used Lawrence Halprins design archives and worked with the City of San Franciscos Historic Preservation Commission in order to combine Halprin&#39;s original planting and design approach with local plant species. The redesign won the Northern California ASLA Merit Award for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>There is some disagreement about how much Halprin&#39;s repurposed site design is originally his own. The project was initially conceived by Caree and Stuart Rose, who had pushed for retail located in reused environments, and in the 1940s, activists Jean and Karl Kortum had been arguing for the preservation of the waterfront by turning it into a combined heritage and retail center.</p><br>
<h2>Architects</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence Halprin and William Wurster were architects of Ghirardelli Square.</p><br>
<h2>Current stores on the square</h2><br>
<p>Bank of America</p><br>
<p>Compass</p><br>
<p>Broadway Coffee</p><br>
<p>Culinary Artistas</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth W.</p><br>
<p>Gameday VR</p><br>
<p>Ghirardelli Chocolate Manufact</p><br>
<p>Ghirardelli Chocolate On The Go!</p><br>
<p>Ghirardelli Chocolate Marketplace</p><br>
<p>Gigi & Rose</p><br>
<p>Gigi & Rose Children</p><br>
<p>Imperial Parking, LLC</p><br>
<p>Jackson & Polk</p><br>
<p>Lola of North Beach</p><br>
<p>Mashka Jewelry</p><br>
<p>McCormick & Kuleto&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Palette</p><br>
<p>Pico</p><br>
<p>San Francisco Brewing Company</p><br>
<p>Subpar Mini Golf + Arcade</p><br>
<p>Succulence</p><br>
<p>The Cheese School</p><br>
<p>The Pub</p><br>
<p>Unlimited Biking</p><br>
<p>Vom Fass</p><br>
<p>Wattle Creek Winery</p><br>
<p>Yap Designs</p><br>
<p>The Forestiere Underground Gardens in Fresno, California are a series of subterranean structures built by Baldassare Forestiere, an immigrant from Sicily, over a period of 40 years from 1906 to his death in 1946. The gardens are operated by members of the Forestiere family through the Forestiere Historical Center, and can be considered an unconventional example of vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Baldassare Forestiere (; July 8, 1879 – November 10, 1946) was born in the hamlet of Filari, near Rometta on the northeastern tip of Sicily. He immigrated to the United States in the early 1900s after a conflict with his father, and after time on the East Coast purchased land in Fresno. He found the hardpan soil unsuitable for citrus trees, and the weather punishingly hot during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Forestiere dug a small cellar to escape the summer heat. He was likely influenced by Roman catacombs and wine cellars he had seen in Italy. Finding it effective and comfortable, he carved a series of attached rooms and took up residence there. Forestiere then began experimenting with growing trees in underground chambers with skylights, and found that with care they would grow well, and being below ground protected them from frost. Forestiere continued expanding and improving these underground gardens until his death in 1946, using hand tools and a pair of mules.</p><br>
<p>The gardens were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and registered as No. 916 on the list of California Historical Landmarks in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>There are 65 rooms in the Forestiere Underground Gardens. It has a summer bedroom, a winter bedroom, a bath, a functional kitchen, a fishpond, and a parlor with a fireplace. Interspersed amongst the stone walls and archways are grottoes and courtyards that allow for pockets of light. The intricate pathways were created section by section, over a span of 10 acre, without the aid of blueprints. There are three levels within the underground structure, one 10 ft deep, one 20 ft deep, and one 23 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>The gardens have skylights and catch basins for water. The dirt that was moved to create the large structure was used elsewhere to fill planters, create stones placed within the catacombs, and to level out other parts of the land. The hardpan he excavated was reused as bricks for archways and supports. The pathways and rooms were constructed with various widths to help direct airflow by creating pressure as it moves through narrower portions and maintain movement as it bounces off the slants and curves of the cavernous walls. The conical skylights allow for the hot air to be pushed out more quickly and the cool air to remain below.</p><br>
<p>The plants and trees, some of which are over 100 years old, are protected from the frost in the winter months by virtue of construction. Each level was planted at different times, so they bloom in succession, in order to lengthen the growing season. It houses a variety of fruit ranging from citrus and berries to exotic fruits like the kumquat, loquat, and jujube. The trees have been grafted to bear more than one kind of fruit, allowing for a larger variety to be grown throughout the space. Trees and vines were also planted above the dwelling, acting as insulation and forming canopies that provide protection from the elements.</p><br>
<h2>Depictions</h2><br>
<p>T. Coraghessan Boyle wrote a fictionalized account of Forestiere, the short story "The Underground Gardens," which was published in The New Yorker in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Union Christian College was a small co-educational college located in Merom, Sullivan County, Indiana. Founded by the denomination called the Christian Church which eventually merged with the Congregational denomination which later joined with the Evangelical and Reformed Churches to form the United Church of Christ. It was one of the first co-educational colleges that allowed women to take any class that a man could take. Other co-educational colleges would only allow their women to study home economics, nursing, teaching, secretarial, etc. At UCC women could study to be doctors, lawyers, ministers, or home-makers. UCC was very progressive for its time. One of its most notable alumni was James M. Hamilton , who became the third president of Montana State University, serving from 1904 to 1919.</p><br>
<p>Union Christian College existed from 1859 until it closed its doors in 1924. From 1924 to 1936 the buildings were empty except for the summer months when summer youth conferences (summer camp) took place on the grounds In 1936 the facilities were reopened as the Merom Institute and was owned by the Indiana-Kentucky Conference of the United Church of Christ and was known as the Merom Conference Center.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 Merom Conference Center separated from the IKC UCC. It now stands as its own entity, Merom Camp and Retreat Center. It holds 7+ faith-based camps in the summer, and IKC sponsored retreats in the Fall and the Spring, along with private events. It has open pool time for the citizens of Merom every Friday in the summer and helps feed and give checkups to its people year round.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia State Capitol is the seat of state government of the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in Richmond, the state capital. It houses the oldest elected legislative body in North America, the Virginia General Assembly, first established as the House of Burgesses in 1619.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol was conceived of by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in France, based on the Maison Carrée in Nîmes. Construction began in 1785 and was completed in 1788. The current Capitol is the eighth built to serve as Virginia&#39;s statehouse, primarily due to fires during the Colonial period. The building also served as the Confederate States Capitol during the Civil War from 1861 to 1865. In the early 20th century, two wings were added, leading to its present appearance. In 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial precursors in Jamestown and Williamsburg</h3><br>
<p>During the American colonial era, the Colony of Virginia&#39;s first capital was Jamestown, where the first legislative body, the Virginia House of Burgesses, met in 1619. The new government used four state houses at different times at Jamestown due to fires. The first Representative Legislative Assembly convened on July 30, 1619 at the Jamestown Church which served as the first Capitol.</p><br>
<p>With the decision to relocate the government inland to Williamsburg in 1699, a grand new Capitol building was completed in November 1705. Nearby was the grand Governors Palace. It burned in 1747 and was replaced in 1753. On June 29, 1776, Virginians declared their independence from Great Britain and wrote the states first constitution, thereby creating an independent government four days before Congress voted for the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia on July 4.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began, when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged that the capital be relocated to Richmond. The building was last used as a capitol on December 24, 1779, when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital, Richmond. It was eventually destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>Richmond and state capitol design</h3><br>
<p>When it convened in Richmond on May 1, 1780, the legislature met in a makeshift building near Shockoe Bottom. By 1788, the "Old Capitol" where the Virginia Ratifying Convention met was at the New Academy by the Chevalier Quesnay.</p><br>
<p>Plans were begun for a new building to serve a new state, the Commonwealth of Virginia. The site selected for a new, permanent building was on Shockoe Hill, a major hill overlooking the falls of the James River.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Jefferson is credited with the overall design of the new Capitol, together with French architect Charles-Louis Clérisseau. The design was modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient Roman temple. The only other state to accurately copy an ancient model is the Vermont State House, which based its portico on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Jefferson had Clérisseau substitute the Ionic order over the more ornate Corinthian column designs of the prototype in France. At the suggestion of Clérisseau, it used a variant of the Ionic order designed by Italian student of Andrea Palladio, Vincenzo Scamozzi.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone was laid on August 18, 1785, with Governor Patrick Henry in attendance, prior to the completion of its design. In 1786, a set of architectural drawings and a plaster model were sent from France to Virginia, where it was executed by Samuel Dobie. It was sufficiently completed for the General Assembly to meet there in October 1792.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only twelve Capitols in the United States without an external dome. (The others are the Capitols of Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon and Tennessee.)</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>The building also served as the Capitol of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–65) (It was the Confederacy&#39;s second home, the first being the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama).</p><br>
<p>The Capitol, the adjacent Virginia Governors Mansion, and the White House of the Confederacy (about three blocks to the north on East Clay Street) were spared when departing Confederate troops were ordered to burn the citys warehouses and factories, and fires spread out of control in April 1865. John Browns carpet-bag, full of documents including many unpublished ones, was kept in the Virginia Capitol from 1860 to 1865 by Andrew Hunter, at that time a state senator. When Richmond fell, "so Yankees cant find them", the carpet-bag was hidden "between the wall and the plastering". It has never been found.</p><br>
<p>The first Flag of the United States to fly over the capitol since secession was hoisted by Lieutenant Johnston L. de Peyster. USA President Abraham Lincoln toured the Capitol during his visit to Richmond about a week before his assassination in Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>From April 6 until April 10, 1865 Lynchburg served as the Capital of Virginia. Under Gov. William Smith, the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth moved to Lynchburg for the few days between the fall of Richmond and the fall of the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>On July 24, 2020, House Speaker Eileen Filler-Corn ordered the removal of a statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, along with busts of J.E.B. Stuart, Stonewall Jackson, Jefferson Davis, and other Confederates from the historic Old House Chamber.</p><br>
<h3>1870 Tragedy</h3><br>
<p>After the end of the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction period, Virginia was under military rule for almost five years, ending in January 1870. In the ensuing months, a dispute over leadership of the Richmond government resulted in the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals holding a hearing on April 27, 1870, in the large courtroom on the second floor of the Capitol. Several hundred people crowded in. Before the proceedings could begin, the gallery gave way and fell to the courtroom floor. This added weight, in addition to the crowd already there, caused the entire courtroom floor to give way, falling 40 ft into the House of Delegates chamber.</p><br>
<p>The injured stumbled, crawled or were carried out onto the Capitol lawn during the mayhem that followed. Sixty-two people were killed and 251 injured. There were no women believed to have been present when the collapse occurred. The dead included a grandson of Patrick Henry, and three members of the General Assembly. Injured included both men contesting the Richmond mayoral position, the speaker of the House of Delegates, a judge and ex-governor Henry H. Wells. Former Confederate general Montgomery D. Corse was partially blinded by the collapse.</p><br>
<h3>Rebuilding, expansion, renovation</h3><br>
<p>Despite demands for the buildings demolition, the damage from the tragedy of 1870 was repaired. In 1904, two wings (not in the original plans) were added to the east and west ends of the building to provide much-needed additional space for the growing legislature. These additions were built to the collaborative designs of three of Virginias leading architects and architectural firms: Frye & Chesterman of Lynchburg, John Kevan Peebles of Norfolk and Noland & Baskervill of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the assembly approved $83.1 million for the renovation, restoration and expansion of the Capitol. Work began in 2004 and was completed on May 1, 2007. Among major changes are a completely new HVAC control system, updated mechanical, storm water and plumbing systems, and construction of a 27,000 ft&sup2; expansion beneath the hill on the south lawn. The expansion provides a visitor&#39;s entrance that is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, plus office space and meeting rooms, and better security management. The final cost of the restoration was approximately $104 million. The extension was designed by architect Sonja Bijelić of RMJM.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia National Guard was activated to provide extra security at the Virginia State Capitol, prior to the 2021 Inauguration of Joe Biden, in response to the FBI warning of possible armed protests at US capitals.</p><br>
<h3>Individuals known to have lain in state/repose</h3><br>
<p>June 1806: George Wythe, Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Virginia</p><br>
<p>January 21, 1862: John Tyler, Tenth President of the United States; 23rd Governor of Virginia</p><br>
<p>May 15, 1863: Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, Confederate general</p><br>
<p>June 15, 1971: J. Sargeant Reynolds, then-Lieutenant Governor of Virginia</p><br>
<p>September 30, 1991: A. L. Philpott, then-Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates</p><br>
<p>February 11, 2011: Leroy R. Hassell Sr., then-Chief Justice of the Virginia Supreme Court (first African American in Virginia to be afforded the honor)</p><br>
<p>January 29–30, 2013 Harry L. Carrico, Former Chief Justice with over 42 years of service as an active Justice on the Virginia Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>September 6, 2017: Lacey Putney, Former House Speaker and longest serving legislator in Virginian history (1962–2014)</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Virginia State Capitol Rotunda 2017b.jpgRoof of the rotunda</p><br>
<p>Virginia House of Delegates chamber 2017.jpg(New) House of Delegates Chamber</p><br>
<h2>Capitol Square</h2><br>
<p>The area around the Capitol is known as Capitol Square. It contains several monuments to prominent Virginians and events in Virginia:</p><br>
<p>Washington Monument, 1858</p><br>
<p>General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Statue, 1875</p><br>
<p>Governor William "Extra Billy" Smith Statue, 1906</p><br>
<p>Dr. Hunter Holmes McGuire Statue, 1904</p><br>
<p>Zero Milestone, 1929, for measuring highway distances from the city of Richmond</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Poe Statue, 1958</p><br>
<p>Virginia Civil Rights Memorial, 2008</p><br>
<p>Virginia Women&#39;s Monument, 2019</p><br>
<p>The Bell Tower was built in 1824–1825. It is still used for ceremonial ringing.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Hill Building (1892-1894)</p><br>
<h2>In film and television</h2><br>
<p>Given its Classical Revival style of architecture along with the fact that its color is white, the Capitol was the double for the exterior shots of The White House featured in the movie The Contender (2000) starring Gary Oldman, Joan Allen, Jeff Bridges, Christian Slater.</p><br>
<p>In the 1993 comedy-drama film Dave with Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella; the House of Delegates chamber served as the set for the United States House of Representatives, where the title character President addresses a joint session of Congress.</p><br>
<p>In the 2012 film Lincoln, the Virginia State Capitol was used as a stand-in for the United States Capitol in Washington D.C. during the Civil War era with some film retouching.</p><br>
<p>Taftville is a small village in eastern Connecticut, United States. It is a neighborhood of Norwich but has its own post office . It was established in 1866 as site for the large Taftville Mill, later Ponemah Mill. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Taftville and as alternative name Taftville/Ponemah Mill National Register Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Currently redevelopment of the large mill is being conducted by The O&#39;Neill Group in conjunction with OneKey LLC. The National Park Service will oversee the historic preservation of the structure, to ensure the historic elements are sustained. The 430,000 ft&sup2; Ponemah Mill is being converted into luxury apartments and commercial space.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Ponemah Mills</h2><br>
<p>The Ponemah Mills, a cotton textile factory, was built on the Shetucket River where a large dam could be built to provide power. The large mill building (Building No. 1) was purported to be the largest weave-shed under one roof at that time. The original workers were predominantly Irish immigrants, and they were hard hit by the depression of the 1870s that began with the Panic of 1873. Unemployment rose and wages dropped appreciably from 1873 to 1875, causing bitter relations between workers and management in many places.</p><br>
<p>In April 1875, the 1,200 workers went on strike. The mill owners had raised rents in company-owned housing as well as prices at the company-owned store. Wages at the time were under $10 for a 67-hour work week. In one often-cited anecdote, a workingman said he and his daughter had worked full-time for more than three months but only had four dollars between them to show for it. The immediate cause of the strike was a pay cut of 12 percent in an attempt to stop unionization. Workers were told half of the pay cut would be restored to anyone who had not participated in trying to form a union at the company.</p><br>
<p>The company replaced the workers with French Canadians, who would come to number more than 70 percent of the population. Workers were evicted from company-owned housing, and the Connecticut General Assembly passed a strict "tramp law" aimed at workers (such as those from Taftville) who became drifters after their strikes were broken.</p><br>
<p>Ponemah Mills operated for about 100 years. It sat abandoned for over 40 years until being redeveloped into residential apartments.</p><br>
<p>A similar mill and village community is Wauregan Historic District, which is also NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<h2>Local institutions</h2><br>
<p>Taftville has a public elementary school operated by the Norwich Public School System called Wequonnoc Magnet Elementary School and a private elementary school called Sacred Heart School. Students then attend Kelly Middle School. After graduating from there, they move on to either Norwich Free Academy, Norwich Technical High School, or other surrounding high schools.</p><br>
<p>There are two churches: Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and the Taftville Congregational Church.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people, past and present</h2><br>
<p>Among the more accomplished Taftville residents was Ned (Edward) Hanlon who managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1889), Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898), Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905), and the Cincinnati Reds (1906–1907). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996. Another ballplayer was the Quebec-born right fielder, Augustine "Lefty" Dugas, whose family settled in Taftville. He played for the Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators between 1930 and 1934.</p><br>
<p>In the academic arena Saunders Mac Lane was the son of the Minister of the Taftville Congregational Church and a mathematician of world note, who spent his career at the University of Chicago, Yale and Harvard. He was the co-author of A Survey of Modern Algebra, a book which was the standard work in that field for many years.</p><br>
<p>Horne Creek Farm is a historical farm near Pinnacle, Surry County, North Carolina. The farm is a North Carolina State Historic Site that belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, and it is operated to depict farm life in the northwest Piedmont area. The historic site includes the late 19th century Hauser Farmhouse, which has been furnished to reflect the 1900-1910 era, along with other supporting structures. The farm raised animal breeds that were common in the early 20th century. The site also includes the Southern Heritage Apple Orchard, which preserves about 800 trees of about 400 heritage apple varieties. A visitor center includes exhibits, a gift shop and offices.</p><br>
<p>The State Historic Site regularly hosts special events, which focus on farm life and techniques from the early 20th century, and include sheep shearing, corn shucking, ice cream socials, heritage crafts, music and pie baking.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse was built about 1880, and is a two-story, three-bay, single-pile log building with weatherboard sheathing and a wood-shingled gable roof. Also on the property are the contributing double-crib log barn, wellhouse/washhouse, log smokehouse, log tobacco barn, corncrib, a fruit house and family cemetery. A reconstructed fruit and vegetable drying house was placed where the original once stood.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ridgely was a frontier United States Army outpost from 1851 to 1867, built 1853–1854 in Minnesota Territory. The Sioux called it Esa Tonka. It was located overlooking the Minnesota River southwest of Fairfax, Minnesota. Half of the fort&#39;s land was part of the south reservation in the Minnesota river valley for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute tribes. Fort Ridgely had no defensive wall, palisade, or guard towers. The Army referred to the fort as the "New Post on the Upper Minnesota" until it was named for two Maryland Army Officers named Ridgely , who died during the Mexican–American War. </p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The War Department hired Mr. Jessie H. Pomeroy of St. Paul to build both Fort Ridgely and Fort Ripley. At Ridgely there were two Companies of troops that assisted in quarrying the granite two miles away, transporting it to the site, and the erection of a 400-man stone barracks. The barracks formed the east side of the 90 square yard parade ground of the wall-less fort.</p><br>
<p>In 1854–55, Congress approved $10,000 for the clearing of timber on a military road from St Anthony Falls to Fort Ridgely. On July 22, 1856, Congress approved another $50,000 to build a wagon road from Fort Ridgely to South Pass, Nebraska Territory. William H. Nobles was appointed superintendent of the road&#39;s construction. He encountered problems receiving disbursements to cover the basic labor costs incurred.</p><br>
<p>March 8, 1857, the Spirit Lake Massacre took place across the border in Iowa. Fort Ridgely sent troops commanded by Captain Bee to investigate. They found that Inkpaduta and his band had departed, but Lt. Murray and 25 men were left to search while Capt. Bee and the others returned to Fort Ridgely. The sole survivor was a 14 year old named Abbie Gardner who was made a prisoner for four months. On March 26 the band made a raid on Springfield, Minnesota and according to Abbie, Lt. Murray and his men came into sight two days later, unaware how close they came to encountering the band. Two Wahpeton bargained for the Government for her release and took her to the Upper Sioux Agency. From there she was moved to the Fort Ridgely where she was put on a riverboat to St Paul.</p><br>
<h3>Sioux Uprising</h3><br>
<p>The fort played an important role in the Dakota War of 1862. It would go into American West history as the only fort to come under attack as it experienced. On August 18 Captain Marsh, the fort commander, took most of the garrison to the Lower Sioux Agency upon receiving reports that the Agency had been attacked. Second Lt. Gere and a few men were on duty there. Marsh and his men came under attack when they stopped for water. That action became known as the Battle of Redwood Ferry. Earlier in August Capt. Marsh had requested assistance from C Company at Fort Ripley to oversee the annuity and provisions exchange at the Upper Sioux Agency. Fort Ripley&#39;s executive officer, 1st Lt. Sheehan brought two Mountain Howitzers and 40 men to do the job. Initially, Indian Agent Thomas Galbraith refused to extend credit to the Sissiton and Whapeton. However, after a heated exchange Lt. Sheehan with his howitzers convinced all parties that an orderly distribution of food was best. With that done and thinking their task was completed, C Company departed for their own post the morning that the lower Agency was overrun. Unbeknownst to Sheehan, Galbraith had refused to extend credit to the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute at the Lower Sioux Agency. B Company did not have the same military force presence at the Lower Sioux Agency and the situation there spiraled out of control.</p><br>
<p>When Capt. Marsh learned of the outbreak he sent a runner to catch up with C Company for their support. With all the caissons available, while one was servicing a gun position another was restocked and readied to immediately replace it when it was depleted. This allowed the guns to be fired non-stop when needed. C Company remained at the fort until after Col. Sibley arrived with the 6th Minnesota, Companies A, B, F, G 7th Minnesota, Company A 9th Minnesota and Companies G & I 10th Minnesota. With dead laying all over the frontier, Sibley dispatched 170 men as burial parties. Two of those burial parties met and bivouacked 16 miles from Fort Ridgely. On Sept 2nd they were ambushed in the Battle of Birch Coulee. Lt. Sheehan and his men were part of the relief force. Afterwards Sibley ordered them back to Fort Ripley to get their garrison back to strength with the frontier in turmoil.</p><br>
<p>On 4 September the 3rd Minnesota arrived back at Fort Snelling and joined Sibley at Fort Ridgely on the 12th.</p><br>
<p>As the war against the Sioux expanded, three Companies of the 30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment later transitioned Fort Ridgely and New Ulm en route to Fort Wadsworth (Sisseton). For a period a battery of the 3rd Minnesota light Artillery was posted to the fort. Sergeant Jones resigned from the USA Army for a Captain&#39;s commission in the 3rd Minn. Artillery. Postwar Capt. Jones served one term as the Chief of the St. Paul Police Department.</p><br>
<p>The Companies of the 7th Minnesota would garrison the Fort next, followed by the 2nd Minnesota Cavalry, Becketts Cavalry, and a Company of the 1st USA Volunteers. They were Confederate prisoners of war that had been sworn into federal service.</p><br>
<p>In March 1863 General Sibley ordered a general court martial be convened at Fort Ridgely on the</p><br>
<p>March 18. The accused was a Lt. George V. Mayhew. The charges were not identified, but were written by his commanding officer Captain Libby of Libby&#39;s Company.</p><br>
<h3>Notable Officers posted to Fort Ridgely</h3><br>
<p>Notable officers posted to Fort Ridgely included:</p><br>
<p>Major Samuel Woods (6th USA Infantry), first post commander 1852–53, would become a Lt. Colonel and paymaster of the Department of Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Major George W. Patten, post commander twice, 1856 and 1861. Lost a hand at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico and became a Lt. Colonel.</p><br>
<p>Lt. Alfred Sulley 1855 made Major General by end of Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Lt. John C. Kelton (6th USA Infantry) 1852 would become the Adjunct General United States Army</p><br>
<p>Lt. Winfield Scott Hancock 1853 would become a Major General and commander of the Department of Dakota</p><br>
<p>Lt. Henry E. Maynadier (10th USA Infantry) 1856–57, became a brevet Major General</p><br>
<p>Lt. Frederick Steele 1854, became a Major General</p><br>
<p>Capt. John J. Abercrombie 1854, also served at Fort Ripley and established Fort Abercrombie. Became a Brigadier General.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Edmund Brooke Alexander, post commander, 10th USA Infantry 1857 would become a brevet Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Major Thomas W. Sherman (3rd USA Artillery) at post when the post was made the Artillery School for Practice Fort Ridgely. He was there 1858–1861 except while commander of an expedition to Kettle Lake in Dakota Territory in 1859. He would become a brevet Major General</p><br>
<p>Major William W. Morris (4th USA Artillery) at post 1861 became a brevet Major General</p><br>
<p>Capt. John S. Marsh replaced Major Morris and was killed in action at Redwood ferry 1862, (B Co. 5th Minnesota Infantry)</p><br>
<p>2nd Lt. Thomas P. Gere (B Co. 5th Minnesota) assumed command when Capt. Marsh was killed. He received the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Nashville</p><br>
<p>1st Lt. Timothy J. Sheehan assumed post command from 2nd Lt. Gere 1862 (C Co. 5th Minnesota Infantry) wounded twice defending the post, made Lt. Colonel by end of Civil War, wounded 2 twice more</p><br>
<p>Major John Parker post commander, 1st Minnesota Mounted Rangers</p><br>
<p>Major E.A.Hatch, was at the Battle of Fort Ridgely as a civilian hired by the Northern Superintendency of Indian Affairs to accompany the annuity payment from St Paul. He would be enlisted as a Major in 1863 and made commander of the 1st Minnesota Indian Volunteer Regiment better known as Hatch&#39;s Battalion.</p><br>
<p>Capt. Barnard Bee became Brigadier General CSA and is credited with giving Stonewall Jackson his nickname at the First Battle of Bullrun, where he was killed in action.</p><br>
<p>Major J.C. Pemberton post commander 1859–61 became a CSA Lt. General and would surrender to Ulysses Grant at Vicksburg.</p><br>
<p>Lt. Lewis A. Armistead post commander (6th Infantry), became a CSA Lt. General</p><br>
<p>Corporal Daniel W. Burke(Companies B & E 2nd USA Infantry) 1858–59 would become Brigadier General. He received the Medal of Honor during the Civil War at the Battle of Shepherdstown.</p><br>
<p>Capt. James L. Fisk (3rd Minnesota Infantry special assignment Quartermaster Corps) 1863, 64.</p><br>
<h3>Units assigned to the outpost</h3><br>
<p>In its time, numerous units were assigned to the outpost. From the USA Army: Companies of the 2nd, 6th, and 10th Infantry Regiments as well as batteries of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th Artillery Regiments, as well as I Co. 1st USA Volunteer Regiment.</p><br>
<p>Until 1859 the garrison was typically three companies of infantry of 30-40 men each. That year the Army designated the fort as an Artillery School for Practice and supplied six pieces of various calibers: two M1841 6-pounder field guns, 12-pounder, M1841 mountain howitzer, 12 pound Napoleon, and M1841 24-pounder howitzer.</p><br>
<p>From 1857 to 1861, Companies G, I, L 2nd Artillery were variously posted to northern forts: Snelling, Ridgely, and Ripley. In 1859, Companies F and K of the 4th Artillery were posted to the Fort. May 1861 saw E Company 3rd Artillery withdrawn to the east because of the rebellion.</p><br>
<p>During the civil war Companies from Minnesota Volunteer Regiments served in place of the regular army. These included the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, and 10th regiments, 2nd Cavalry, 1st Mounted Rangers, Brackett&#39;s Cavalry and a battery from the 3rd light artillery.</p><br>
<h3>1864 wagon train</h3><br>
<p>On July 15, 1864, Capt. James L. Fisk of the Quartermaster Corps lead 97 wagons of pioneers out of Fort Ridgely to meet Gen. Sulley at Fort Rice for escort to the gold fields in Montana Territory.</p><br>
<h3>1865 Abandonment of the post</h3><br>
<p>In 1865-6 Captain Kellogg, Commander of Fort Ridgley, formed three settlements of friendly Sioux before the Lake Traverse Reservation was created. The first was directly west of Fort Ridgely at Lake Hendricks on the Minnesota-Dakota Territory border. The other two were southeast of Lake Hendricks at Lake Titaukhe, and Lake Thompson.</p><br>
<p>In June 1865 the 10th Infantry returned to Fort Snelling and Companies B and H were posted to Fort Ridgely.</p><br>
<p>The Army abandoned Fort Ridgely in 1867 and posted the garrison to Fort Wadsworth (Sisseton). Civilians occupied the vacant buildings and later dismantled them for the building materials. In 1863 one of the 6-pounders from the fort was given to the New Ulm Battery by General Sibley.</p><br>
<h3>State Recognition</h3><br>
<p>In 1895 the Minnesota legislature authorized $3,000, roughly $102,000.00 in 2020 dollars, for the construction of a monument to the Minnesota citizens who had defended the fort. On 20 August 1896 the granite structure was dedicated with many of the surviving defenders attending. Werner Boesch, the ex-Swiss artilleryman that had helped man a 12-pounder during the attacks, had a Fort Ridgely Defender Medal made for the occasion. On it he quoted Big Eagle&#39;s comment about the Fort: "Ti-Yo-Pa Na-Ta-Ka-Pi" or they "Kept the Door Shut" to the lower Minnesota river valley. The reverse reads: Presented by the State of Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The State erected another large monument to the Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee and the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe in 1914. The State held a large dedication and the Milles Lacs band sent a delegation to represent the band.</p><br>
<p>In June of 1918 the 6th Battalion of Minnesota Home Guard was mustered into the State National Guard with A Company at Fairfax. Fort Ridgely was used as an encampment site by A Company.</p><br>
<h2>Site of the fort today</h2><br>
<p>Today the building foundations have been exposed by State archeologists. The Minnesota Historical Society maintains the publicly owned portion within Fort Ridgely State Park. The old commissary building (partially reconstructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s) now houses the Park&#39;s museum. Fort Ridgely was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, with much of the park added in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The James River and Kanawha Canal was a partially built canal in Virginia intended to facilitate shipments of passengers and freight by water between the western counties of Virginia and the coast. Ultimately its towpath became the roadbed for a rail line following the same course.</p><br>
<p>Encouraged by George Washington, the canal project was begun in 1785 as the James River Company, and later restarted under the James River and Kanawha Canal Company. It was an expensive project which failed several times financially and was frequently damaged by floods. Though largely financed by the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Virginia Board of Public Works, it was only half completed by 1851, reaching Buchanan, in Botetourt County. When work to extend it further west stopped permanently, railroads were overtaking the canal as a far more productive mode of transportation.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War funds for resuming construction were unavailable from either the war-torn Commonwealth or private sources and the project did poorly against railroad competition, finally succumbing to damage done by massive flooding in 1877. In the end its right-of-way was bought and the canal was largely dismantled by the new Richmond and Alleghany Railroad, which laid tracks on the former towpath. The R&A became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in the 1890s, which developed much of the former canal route into an important line for West Virginia bituminous coal headed eastbound for the Peninsula Extension to reach the Hampton Roads coal piers at Newport News for worldwide export aboard large colliers.</p><br>
<h2>Planning a route</h2><br>
<p>The James River and Kanawha Canal was a project first proposed by George Washington when he was a young man surveying the mountains of western Virginia, which at the time consisted of what is today West Virginia, Kentucky, and to the north bank of the Ohio river. He was searching for a way to open a water route to the West. He believed that was the key to helping Virginia become an economic powerhouse in what would emerge as the United States quite a few years later.</p><br>
<p>In those times, waterways were the major highways of commerce. Early developments along the east coast of the colonies tended to end at the Fall Line (the head of navigation) of the rivers that emptied into its great bays (e.g., the Delaware and the Chesapeake). Such early communities in Virginia included what we now know as Alexandria on the Potomac River, Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock River, Richmond and Lynchburg on the James River and Petersburg on the Appomattox River.</p><br>
<p>It was known by then that the Ohio River flowed into the Mississippi River, which flowed into the Gulf of Mexico. It was also known that the Allegheny Mountains formed the Eastern Continental Divide, and that there was apparently no inland waterway to sail between the two large watersheds.</p><br>
<p>By 1772, Washington had identified the Potomac and James rivers as the most promising locations for canals to be built to join with the western rivers. His preference was the James, as the Potomac led to rivers in land disputed with Pennsylvania and would be equally helpful to Maryland. The James could be aligned with the Kanawha River (in what is now West Virginia), and would best serve only Virginia, which was his priority. In 1785, the James River Company was formed, with former Revolutionary War Commander in Chief George Washington as honorary president, to build locks around the falls at Richmond. By then, Washington was quite busy with the affairs of the new nation, in 1789 being elected its first president.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Promoted by such men as George Washington, Edmund Randolph, and John Marshall, the James River Company opened in 1790 as the first commercial canal in the United States. Stretching from Richmond, Virginia to Westham, Virginia and paralleling the James for 7 mi, it supplemented existing bateaux transportation on the James River. These flat-bottomed boats floated down the James to Richmond laden with tobacco hogsheads and returned with French and English imports, furniture, dishes, and clothing.</p><br>
<p>In addition to bateaux, many canal boats were packets, which drew more water than the smaller bateaux. Mules and horses pulled the packets along the towpaths. Locks were necessary at points where the river had rapids. The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 each slowed construction. Work was slow, expensive, and very labor-intensive through the rocky terrain of Virginia&#39;s Piedmont region, a transitional area between the sandy coastal plain and the mountains. The early congregation of St. Peters Church in Richmond consisted mostly of Irish immigrants who worked on the canal. After many of the original Irish laborers died of hypothermia, they were replaced by enslaved Africans hired from plantation owners who lived near the route of the canal. After work stalled for a number of years the canal company went broke and gave up.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, the Commonwealth of Virginia took control of the project and with state funds provided through the Virginia Board of Public Works resumed construction. Work stalled yet again, then resumed in 1835 under the new James River and Kanawha Company, with Judge Benjamin Wright as Chief Engineer. He was assisted by his son Simon Wright, Charles Ellet Jr., and Daniel Livermore. By 1840, the canal was completed to Lynchburg. Service was inaugurated by William Henry Harrison who was elected president that same year. In 1847, Walter W. Gwynn was hired as Chief Engineer, with Edward Lorraine as his assistant.</p><br>
<p>The canal eventually extended 196.5 mi west of Richmond to Buchanan by 1851. There, the plan was to link it to the James River and Kanawha Turnpike to provide passage through the most rugged portions of the mountains. The goal was to reach the Kanawha River at its head of navigation, about 30 mi east of today&#39;s Charleston, West Virginia. The portage necessary made competition with railroads along the same route a real threat. Construction of a planned railroad there was delayed by the American Civil War. However, both war damage and interruption in the flow of commerce along the canal did great harm to it.</p><br>
<h2>Competition with railroads</h2><br>
<p>Railroads began to emerge as a more efficient form of transportation in the 1830s, midway in the canal&#39;s construction. In spite of the appointment of former Confederate general Armistead Lindsay Long as Chief Engineer following his service in the Civil War (1861–1865), damage which the canal incurred during the conflict was never completely repaired.</p><br>
<p>By the time the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was built through to the Ohio River in 1873, the canal&#39;s fate was clear. The James River and Kanawha Canal Company was authorized in 1876 to build the Buchanan and Clifton Forge Railway to connect the westernmost point of the canal with the C&O.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia General Assembly, in 1878, gave the James River and Kanawha Company the right to contract with the Buchanan and Clifton Forge Railroad for Convict Labor. However both the canal and the Buchanan and Clifton Forge Railway were sold to the Richmond and Allegheny Railroad company, which built tracks along the towpaths. That railroad was sold to the C&O, establishing Clifton Forge as the division point of the large east-to-west system that resulted when the pioneer railroads were combined under the Chesapeake and Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Today, CSX trains loaded with coal from the mountains follow the old canal route, much of it at a gentler "water level" grade, headed to port at Newport News at Hampton Roads. The Buckingham Branch Railroad, a short-line railroad, has a lease to operate the original C&O alignment over the former Virginia Central Railroad, including the Mountain Subdivision.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<h3>Richmond canal walk</h3><br>
<p>In the second half of the 20th century, portions of the old canal, locks and turning basins became the source of renewed interest in Richmond, Lynchburg and at other points along the line. As part of Richmond&#39;s revival and redevelopment of its waterfront, a portion of the canal was restored.</p><br>
<p>The 138 acre James River and Kanawha Canal Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The historic district included one contributing building, nine contributing sites, and 21 contributing structures. Several historical exhibits about the canals and the City of Richmond are dispersed along the way.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can also visit the Three-Mile Locks at Pump House Park, located behind the Carillon in William Byrd Park. This park is located three 3 mi upstream from the canals turning basin. It contains parts of the old 18th century locks, lockkeepers house, the City&#39;s historic 1883 water pumping station originally called the New Pump-House, and its replacement, the 1924 pumping station. The City is working on plans to return the Pump House to some form of public use by restoring its old dance floor (the original upper level was built for public events) and opening the oldest section for tours. The park is popular with fisherman and dog lovers, and is near the Ship Yard.</p><br>
<p>The western entrance of the Richmond portion of the Canal lies near the village of Sabot in Goochland County while the eastern lies in the city near the Richmond Deepwater Terminal. Sufficient waterflow appears to be provided by Bosher Dam, an 1835 structure located on the western side of the city.</p><br>
<h3>Lock-Keeper&#39;s House</h3><br>
<p>The Lock-Keepers House is a historic home located near Cedar Point, Goochland County, Virginia. It was built about 1836 to serve Lock Number 7 and is the last remaining lock-keepers house of the James River and Kanawha Canal system.</p><br>
<h3>Varney&#39;s Falls Dam</h3><br>
<p>Varney&#39;s Falls Dam is a historic lock and dam structure on south side of the James River near Gilmore Mills, Botetourt County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Restored lock</h3><br>
<p>There is a restored lock in the village of Big Island off the James River where it is crossed by the Blue Ridge Parkway. A visitor center is located in Amherst County just north of the bridge crossing the river. The canal lock is in Big Island on the Bedford County side of the James and is accessed by a path and a walkway underneath the bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Midland Trail</h3><br>
<p>Much of the former James River and Kanawha Turnpike portage route through West Virginia is today the Midland Trail, a National Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<h3>Washington and Lee University</h3><br>
<p>Stock from the canal worth $20,000 was given to Liberty Hall Academy in Virginias Shenandoah Valley by George Washington as an endowment. That gift prompted the renaming of the Academy to Washington College, which became todays Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Myers Park is a neighborhood and historic district in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States.</p><br>
<p>Neighborhoods that are near Myers Park include Dilworth and Sedgefield to the west, Eastover to the east, Uptown Charlotte to the north, and SouthPark and Foxcroft to the south. The Little Sugar Creek Greenway runs along the western edge of the neighborhood, adjacent to Freedom Park. Though its boundaries originally coincided with the boundaries of the 1,220 acre John Spring Myers farm, the neighborhood, by 2008, comprised 2,200 acre and had a population of 9,809. Myers Park is bounded by Queens Road to the north, Providence Road to the east, Sharon Road to the south, and Park Road to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Of the 9,809 people living in Myers Park in 2008, 2,249 were under 18 years of age; approx. 1,511 were over 64 years of age. There were 4,643 housing units in Myers Park. In 2024, the median household income of 28207 (Myers Park&#39;s zip code) was $230,889. The average home value was $1,597,112</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Myers Park is home to the "Booty Loop", a popular 2.85-mile walking, running, and cycling route. The route follows Queens Road to Selwyn Avenue, turns right down Queens Road West to Hopedale Avenue and then right back onto Queens Road, completing the loop. The cycling loop is also the original home to the 24 Hours of Booty annual charitable event, hosted by the 24 Foundation. The 24 hour fundraising event draws hundreds of cyclists and thousands of spectators each year.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s central location and wide, tree lined streets make it a popular choice to include in event routes for local charity runs and the Charlotte Marathon.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Mass transit</h3><br>
<p>The following buses from the Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS) serve Myers Park and the surrounding neighborhoods:</p><br>
<p>#6 (Kings Drive)</p><br>
<p>#14 (Providence Road)</p><br>
<p>#15 (Randolph Road)</p><br>
<p>#18 (Selwyn Avenue)</p><br>
<p>#19 (Park Road)</p><br>
<p>#20 (Queens/Sharon Road)</p><br>
<h3>Roads</h3><br>
<p>Providence Road, Kings Drive, and Queens Road are major thoroughfares in Myers Park. The highly confusing intersection of "Queens and Queens and Providence and Providence" in front of the Myers Park Library is well-known, as when traveling toward Uptown Charlotte on Providence Road, one must actually turn right at the intersection to stay on Providence, not go straight.</p><br>
<h2>Education and libraries</h2><br>
<h3>School system</h3><br>
<p>Residents of Myers Park attend Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, including Myers Park High School, Alexander Graham Middle School, Myers Park Traditional Elementary School, and Selwyn Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>Myers Park is served by the Myers Park Branch of the Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County. The library is located at the corner of Queens Road and Providence Road.</p><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Little Church on the Lane – originally Myers Park Moravian Church</p><br>
<p>Manor Theatre – one of Charlotte&#39;s oldest movie theatres, permanently closed in 2020</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Baptist Church</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>Myers Park United Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>Edgehill Park</p><br>
<p>Duke Mansion – 400 Hermitage Road</p><br>
<p>Queens University of Charlotte</p><br>
<p>Theatre Charlotte – Charlottes oldest arts organization and the states longest running community theatre</p><br>
<p>Wing Haven Gardens and Bird Sanctuary</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Myers Park Historic District is a national historic district encompasses 670 contributing buildings, 4 contributing sites, and contributing structures in Myers Park. It was developed after 1911 and includes notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival style architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h3>Notable Historic Structures</h3><br>
<p>Elizabeth Lawrence House and Garden (1949)</p><br>
<p>H.M. McAden House (1917) designed by architect Louis H. Asbury</p><br>
<p>J. Luther Snyder House (1920)</p><br>
<p>John Jamison House (1912)</p><br>
<p>Lambeth-Gossett House (1916)</p><br>
<p>James Buchanan Duke House (1914)</p><br>
<p>Queens College campus, five buildings dated to 1916</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Moravian Church (1924)</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Presbyterian Church (1928)</p><br>
<p>Myers Park United Methodist Church (1929)</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>James Buchanan Duke, American Tobacco Company founder and benefactor of Duke University</p><br>
<p>Lauren Holt, actress and comedian</p><br>
<p>Pat McCrory, politician, former Governor of North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Ann McCrory, former First Lady of North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Cameron A. Morrison, former Governor of North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Angelia Lawrance Morrison Harris, former First Lady of North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Sara Virginia Ecker Watts Morrison, former First Lady of North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Russell M. Robinson II, lawyer</p><br>
<p>Sally Dalton Robinson, philanthropist</p><br>
<p>The Basilica of Saint Mary is a Roman Catholic minor basilica located on its own city block along Hennepin Avenue between 16th and 17th Streets in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the first basilica established in the United States. The Basilica of Saint Mary is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Basilica of Saint Mary replaced a previous church, the Church of the Immaculate Conception. It was originally built in 1871, located at 3rd Street and 3rd Avenue North, but the expanding warehouse district was engulfing the church property. Archbishop John Ireland announced plans for a new Church of the Immaculate Conception on Christmas Day, 1903. In 1905, Lawrence S. Donaldson donated a one-block parcel on Hennepin Avenue near Loring Park for the new church buildings. The design was awarded to Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, the designer of the Cathedral of Saint Paul. Masqueray designed it in a Beaux-Arts style. The groundbreaking was held on August 7, 1907, with foundation construction continuing through May 1908. The cornerstone was laid on May 31, 1908, with a ceremony involving 30,000 Catholics, twenty bishops, 300 priests and seminarians from the Saint Paul Seminary, and 500 cadets from the College of Saint Thomas. As construction on the Basilica and the St. Paul Cathedral progressed, Masqueray&#39;s architectural genius attracted attention. American Architect magazine commented, "The two Catholic Cathedrals will be -- when completed, noteworthy achievements in church building for any period; in extent and splendor they promise to surpass anything yet attempted in ecclesiastical work in the United States."</p><br>
<p>Civic dedication of the church took place on November 4, 1913, and the church was informally opened on May 31, 1914. It was informally referred to as the Pro-Cathedral of the archdiocese from its beginning, but the parish was still officially named the Church of the Immaculate Conception until September 21, 1921. It was formally named the Procathedral of Saint Mary at that time. Although the building was open for worship in 1914, the interior decoration, windows, and plaster work were not completed until 1925. It was established as a minor basilica by Pope Pius XI in 1926, making it the first basilica in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 the basilica was formally consecrated by Archbishop Dennis Dougherty of Philadelphia as part of the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress (which was taking place in Minneapolis and St. Paul at the time).</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Its significance is due to three reasons: its excellent architecture and engineering design, as an expression of Baroque influence in church architecture; an example of the history of religious movements in Minnesota; and its place as the first basilica in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of the church is of Rockville granite. The walls are built of white Vermont granite, with a height of 70 ft from the floor to the eave-line. The main entrance is a colonnaded portico with two 116 ft spires on each side. The nave is lighted by five large arched stained glass windows. The nave has a barrel vault of 82 ft, exceeding that of the St. Peter&#39;s Basilica by two feet. The sanctuary, at the north end of the nave, is topped with a grand dome measuring 40 ft&sup2; at the base and rising 138 ft above the floor. Above the dome is a flesche or lantern topped with a bronze cross, measuring another 62 ft, making the total height 200 ft above floor level. The marble altar is located underneath a 50 ft marble-columned baldacchino.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 its old copper roof was replaced, stopping the water leaks and damage and that were occurring. In 2011, after being named one of 25 Twin City finalists, the building was the recipient of a $100,000 preservation grant from Partners in Preservation, chosen through a public vote; the funds were used to repair the narthex and sacristy of the Basilica, and help restore the paint and gold leaf found throughout the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, the basilica received minor fire damage during the rioting and arson that accompanied the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with two pews being splashed with flammable liquid and burned.</p><br>
<h2>Sound</h2><br>
<p>The Basilica Cathedral Choir, a 90-voice auditioned, volunteer choir provides choral music on Sunday for the 9:30am Mass as well as on Holy Days of Obligation. The Basilica Cathedral Choir sings repertoire spanning a wide range of genres and covering many centuries. Music for vespers, confirmations, and special services is provided by the Schola Cantorum, a 12-voice professional choir.</p><br>
<p>The present Basilica organ was installed in 1949 as Wicks Opus No. 3047. The instrument includes several stops that were scaled and designed by Henry Vincent Willis IV of England as one of a few larger Wicks instruments installed throughout the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. After undergoing a complete renovation in Winter, 2008, including an entirely new relay and console, the organ now consists of 82 ranks on 4 manuals and pedal. The en-chamade Herald Trumpet is actually tuba-scale and modeled after the English town hall Willis tubas. Voiced on 25" wind, it is the most commanding such stop in the Upper Midwest.</p><br>
<p>Since 1996, the Basilica has hosted a variety of artists and musical ensembles through its artist-in-residence program. As of 2015, the following musical entities were in residence:</p><br>
<p>Director of Music Teri Larson</p><br>
<p>Composer Donald Krusback</p><br>
<p>The Basilica Brass Ensemble</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Sinfonia</p><br>
<p>The Rose Ensemble</p><br>
<p>The Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra also uses the Basilica as a venue.</p><br>
<h3>Basilica Block Party</h3><br>
<p>Since 1995, the site has been the venue for the annual Basilica Block Party music festival, which has been described as "summertime&#39;s hottest church party". The event raises money toward the ongoing restoration of the Basilica of St. Mary.</p><br>
<p>Front Entrance to the Basilica of Saint Mary.jpgFront Entrance to the Basilica of Saint Mary</p><br>
<p>Baldachin, St. Mary&#39;s Basilica, Minneapolis 2017-07-11 - 2.jpgBaldachin</p><br>
<p>Stained glass window with basilica arms, St. Mary&#39;s Basilica, Minneapolis 2017-07-11.jpgBasilica coat of arms in stained glass</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Basillica Choir Perch.jpgChoir pews located behind the altar, with the organ pipes above them</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Basillica Dome Interior.jpgDomed ceiling above the altar</p><br>
<p>Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua, St. Mary&#39;s Basilica, Minneapolis 2017-07-11.jpgShrine of St. Anthony of Padua</p><br>
<p>Shrine of St. Therese of Lisieux, St. Mary&#39;s Basilica, Minneapolis 2017-07-11.jpgShrine of St. Therese of Lisieux</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis-Basilica of Saint Mary-windows.jpgStained glass windows</p><br>
<p>Umbraculum of St. Mary&#39;s Basilica, Minneapolis 2017-07-11.jpgUmbraculum</p><br>
